Art To Bring Us Closer To The Truth Philosophy Essay

invention To Bring Us Closer To The Truth Philosophy Es understandArt is a hypocrisy which brings us closer to the truth- Pablo PicassoEver since I can remember I have always loved art in iodin way or another. I remember, on numerous occasions, sit my father d protest at the kitc chick t adapted and begging him to draw me a family of horses, this consisted of mum and dad and babies ravel on behind trying to catch up. For a long time I practic on the wholey revere these pictures and let the horses run free in my imagination making them go on big adventures with cardinal another. As I got older the pictures stayed with me, precisely I grew out of the way they confronted. They no longer cave in out of the page and came to life they just did not look like sure as shooting horses any more. Life had disappeared from them.I suppose I fell into the trap in which many people fall into. This trap could be called ignorance. Many people believe that skill is the most important feat ure in a put up of art. They think that paintings or drawings that look- veridical must(prenominal) be the best because they have required the most attention from the artist. both(prenominal) people allege that these fixs are the true meaning of art. Of course this is some function to admire about a piece of work, but does this mean that paintings or drawings with fewer detail are less good? Who is to say that these exposit pictures are the truth? Who is to say what the truth is?In order to put this theory into practice I have taken dickens pieces of art work. Albrecht Durers Crab made in 1495 and Rembrandt van Rijns Two Studies of a Bird of Paradise.It is obvious how much detail and time Durers watercolour of the Crab has taken but who was to say that the birds are less good and required less skill? Rembrandts Birds do an incredible job of characterisation the texture and character of the Birds with merely a few simple lines. He grasps their curiousness and profound featur es of their faces along with the softness and majestic element of their bodies. The piece may not look as historicalistic but it portrays the birds characteristics much better, something which could be seen as portraying the true nature of the birds as opposed to a real life drawing.Another showcase of this are the Disney characters. Mickey Mouse looks nothing like a real mouse but the artist, Walt Disney, knew it would be better to distort or change the way the real thing looked. This could have been to make him seem more like a mouse because of his added characteristics and more pleasurable to retard for a younger audience. By making him less mousy he has made him even more mouse-like. Even though Mickeys appearance is unlike a real mouse at all, a spin of the truth, you do not see people complaining about it. This is because when watching a film or studying this particular art, people are not worried about art as a work or piece, only a source of entertainment or pleasure. Th is could also be because Walt Disney is a respected and admired man who is seen as a classical artist whose work has been carried on for generations.Yet, if a modern artist were to draw something in his own personal way, just like Walt Disney once did, he would most likely be frowned upon and thought untalented. This leads us onto another piece.Pablo Picassos work of a hen and her chicks is an interlingual rendition of a mothers caring nature towards her infantren. They way her body is bent towards them and her soft gaze shows that she is focused simply on her chicks and their wellbeing. It very is a work that many people would find hard to criticise. However, when Picasso created his piece Cockerel he was not satisfied with giving a life-like aspect to the picture as he had done with the hen and her chicks piece. Instead, he wanted to grasp the birds belligerent and foolish nature.Picasso has taken a cockerel and changed it into something even more chickeny than the real thing. All of the cockerels characteristics are portrayed in the piece so that the onlooker can almost see, touch, describe and feel what the bird would be like in real life. This is where the statement Art is a lie which brings us closer to truth comes into account. The piece Cockerel is a lie because of its distortion of nature, it looks nothing like what a real cockerel looks like. However, it brings us closer to truth, closer to what a real cockerel behaves and acts like by its exaggerated features and comedic charms. In this work we can almost hear exactly what the bird would sound like, when interpreting the piece one would suggest his voice would be loud, frantic and desperate. This is due to his bulging eyes, elongated neck, his mouth opened to a massive size and his small sharp tongue sticking out. The birds franticness and clumsiness is suggested from his outstretched wings and bowed feet. His toes suggest a thought of scratching around and quick movement showing that he is al l over the place. From Picasso portraying the cockerel to be like this, we can see the cockerel to be more like a real cockerel than if Picasso just drew one from life.We humans have a habit suggesting that nature must always look like what is con attitudered, by us, to be normal in paintings. It must always look like what we are used to in our eachday life we are almost forced from a very young age only to accept plain and predictable habituss and colours as the mitigate ones. An example of this is how we draw when we are younger. We are led to believe that a tree has one crowing straight trunk and a round bushy ball of leaves stuck on the top. We all know that no real tree looks like this, but if it were drawn any incompatible, it would be thought unusual. Another example is how children perceive stars. Stars are not star- determine at all as believed but every child will draw a star like this. This is also when art is a lie which brings us closer to the truth comes into acco unt as well. Even though a star is not shaped like this, it still gives a clear outline that the small star gives off light the stars hands acting like rays of light being given off. Although this exaggeration is not necessarily a deplorable thing, it would be better if everyone disconnected themselves from this trap and we look at things afresh, without interference.In fact, many artists are able to disconnect themselves from this and look at the world and the natural surroundings as if they have never seen them before. This marrow that they would be seeing everything for the first time. Who is to say that the sky is blue and clouds are white? In fact, we would belike find things in the most astonishing colours and forms. If every person was to think like this and every artist was not persuaded or affected by society, art would never be considered a lie. For me, a lie can be different for each individual person, we as humans have created lies. A lie is seen as something which i s not the truth, not normal. Therefore, a piece of art which does not portray the normalcy of the world is therefore considered a lie. Yet, if there was no such thing as normality, there would never be such thing as a lie. Then we come back to the question who is to say what the truth is, and what a lie is? I suppose the answer to this question is everyone. We all have different opinions on what is the truth and what is not, but if we all look at things outside of the box and with open eyes, sure we will be able to accept completely different things to what we are used to, to be normal.To conclude, I believe that skill is not the most important aspect in a painting or drawing. If an artist portrays what he or she wants to portray, it cannot be considered a lie. Furthermore, a lie is something which changes according to each individual. near may believe something to be the truth, while others may believe it is not. No one really knows for sure what is the correct way of drawing or painting a certain object or form. And if they asseverate that they do and state that people draw it wrongly because it is not like that in normality, it just delegacy that they have been persuaded by society and the people around them, as well as the banality of our own sense perception. An example of this is how children draw hearts in heart-shaped form. Hearts are not really shaped like this at all, but it is how everyone knows a heart to be drawn and is not considered a lie, yet it brings us closer to the truth by showing us that a heart has two sides a left and a right side. This leads to biological explanation of what each side does, the right side pumps blood to the lungs to be oxygenised and the left side pumps the oxygenated blood all around the body. The fact that the heart shape shows a left and right side would not be evident if it was just drawn as an oval-like shape. This is how art can bring us closer to the truth even if it is a lie.TOK ESSAYArt is a lie which brin gs us nearer to the truth (Pablo Picasso). Evaluate this claim in relation to a specific art form (for example visual arts, literature, theatre).Alice ElphinstoneCentre number 002351Candidate Number 026 pronounce Count 1668

Equilibrium Level Of National Income In The Keynesian Cross Model Economics Essay

Equilibrium Level Of National Income In The Keynesian Cross Model political economy EssayNational income is defined as the enthronements and savings in a countrys economy. Keynesian beat archetype shows the formula for chemical equilibrium national income as Y= C +I+ G+ (X-M) where Y is the national income, C is mix consumption, I is aggregate investment, G is government pass, X is exports and M is imports. The aggregate entreat is an upward curve since it is mistaken consumers motive more when their disposable income is high. There is a irresponsible family between disposable income and consumption and in that locationfore it is true to argue that demand will always augment with increase in disposable income. Aggregate demand also increases as investment increases but is negatively affected if it happens that imports and taxes increase due to rise in investment since they negatively affect the investment level.The equilibrium level is at the point where AD, get along demand, is equal to Y, national output. At this point, total supply equals total demand. The major factor wind to a movement towards the equilibrium points is inventory changes as a declaration of changes in income and production- if it happens that the current output is more than the equilibrium level, inventories will accumulate controling to a let down down in production and thus a downward move towards the equilibrium. On the other hand, with a production level below the equilibrium, there is short of inventories and thus businesses will produce more leading to an upward move towards the equilibrium.If there is a rise in any of the aggregate demand components, C, Ip, G or NX, the demand curve shifts upward. The rises in these components screwing be as a result of increases in production because of increased optimism about the profitability in the future. This increase will lead to an increase in the equilibrium levels. Similarly, with a decrease in any of the demand compo nents, the demand curve shifts downwards and leads to a decrease in the equilibrium levels.Keynes effect assumes that quantity demanded increases with decrease in price and vice versa. With unending nominal money supply, decreasing price implies lower interest rates and thus higher spending. The major emphasis in this model is that a decrease in aggregate demand can lead to a stable equilibrium with substantial unemployment. Full employment is argued to be arrived at when there be adjustments in the aggregate demand.The equilibrium national income (Y) is as shown in the figure below. At Y, the desired spending curve intersects the total income curve AD=Y.Aggregate demandADNational incomeYYKeynesian cross model has a number of limitations. The first one is the fact that non on the whole of gross private domestic investment counts as part of aggregate demand (Dolan Lindsey, 1994, p.139). This means that the aggregate demand is undervalued since some investments, which need increa se aggregate demand is left out. It is expect that most of the investment is as a result of general over-production or un think inventory accumulation and thus there is always a decrease in national income whenever there is unplanned inventory accumulation. This implies that only the planned investment is included in the aggregate demand.Another limitation is that unlike all other demand curves, which atomic number 18 downward sloping, the aggregate demand curve in this case is upward sloping since it is assumed that an increase in national income or output will lead to increased disposable income and thus increased demand. The last limitation is the fact that the national output curve needs to be perpendicular than the aggregate demand curve for the two to intersect. This implies that it is assumed that the aggregate demand curve has a positive vertical intercept so as to cross Y curve.In Keynesian cross theory, it is assumed that an economy does not necessary need to have full employment for it to be stable. As it is advocated in classical theories that there should be full employment in the economy to prevent recessions and inflation, Keynes argues that an economy can be stable only when there is adjustment in the aggregate demand. This way, equilibrium aggregate income does not necessary mean full employment. J. M. Keynes supports this argument by stating that,Most, probably, of our decisions to do something positive, the full consequences of which will be bony out over many days to come, can only be taken as a result of animal spiritsof a spontaneous urge to action rather than inaction, and not as the result of a weighted average of quantitative benefits multiplied by quantitative probabilitiesif the animal spirits are dimmed and the spontaneous optimism falters enterprise will fade and die (Heijdra, 2009, p.25).It should be noted that although Keynesian cross model is simple and easy to understand, its limitations make it unreliable. Its demand curv e contradicts with all the other theories.

Edible History Of Humanity By Tom Standage History Essay

Edible History Of Hu earthity By Tom Standage History EssayBook report on an edible history of humanity by Tom Standage. Tom Standages book regarding edible history of humanity gives us numerous pictures of looking at the past. The book approaches history in a different way altogether as a rate of changes caused, influenced or enabled by forage. Throughout history, nutrition has not that provided sustenance but has as well as acted as the catalyst of societal organization, social change, economic expansion, military conflict, geopolitical competition and industrial development. Since the time of prehistoric culture to present, the stories of these changes form a story that encompasses the entire human history.The solid foods first transformative role was the basis for entire civilizations. The fetching in of agriculture enabled new settled lifestyle and put mankind on the path to the red-brick solid ground. However, the staple crops that aided the first civilizations hardly and the wheat in the near east, rice and millet in Russia, potatoes and corn whiskey in America were not simply revealed by chance. Instead, they came out through a multifaceted work out of co-evolution because preferred traits were chosen and propagated by the early farmers. These crops are in effect, development intentionally cultivated technologies that existed only as a result of human intervention. Adoption of agriculture as a story is the biography of how early genetic engineers came up with powerful and new tools that made progress itself possible. In the process man changed plants and eventually the same plants in turn transformed people.By offering the platform through which civilizations could be founded, food then acted as a social organization tool, helping to structure and shape conglomerate societies that came up later. The religious, political and economic structures of the early society, right from hunter-gatherers to the very first civilizations were based on s ystems of food production and allocation. The production of agricultural food surpluses as well as the coming up of irrigation systems and communal food storage fostered political centralization with agricultural fertility rituals developing into state moralitys and food fit a medium of taxation and payment feasts were used in garnering influence and show status food handouts were used in defining and refining power structures. Allover the ancient innovation before bullion was invented, food was a sign of wealth and ability to control food was power.With the emergence of civilizations in confused parts of the world, food aided to connect them together. fodder-trade routes acted as inter-boundary communication networks that improved not just commercial-grade exchange but religious and cultural exchange as well. Spice routes that spanned the ancient world resulted in cross cultural fertilization in fields which were diverse just like the field of architecture, religion and scie nce. The first geographers began to take interest in people and customs from far places and compiled the first efforts at world maps. By far the biggest change caused by food trade was as a result of European need to avoid the Arab spice domination. The result of this was the revelation of a new world, establishment of first colonial outposts by the European nations and opening of maritime trade routes amid Asia, Europe and America.As European nations move to build global empires, the next big shift in human history was aided by food, a flow in economic development during industrial enterprise. Potatoes and sugar just like the steam engine underpinned the process of industrial revolution. Sugar production on plantation on the West Indies was considered the first precedent of the industrial process that mainly relied on slave labor. Meanwhile potatoes overcame the first suspicion among the European as a staple food that yielded more calories than cereals from a given area of lan d. Together, potatoes and sugar offered cheap sustenainace for the workers who worked in new factories in the industrial era. In Britain for instance where the process first started, the upsetting question whether the upcoming of the country lies in industry or agriculture was decisively and unexpectedly resolved by the Irish potato famine of the mid 19th century.Using food as war weapon is endless however large scale military wars of the 18th and 19th centuries elevated it to a new level. Food played a vital role in determining the consequences of the two conflicts that defined the USA, revolutionary war of 18th and 19th centuries as well as the civil war of 1860s. Meanwhile, the rise and fall of short sleep closely connected his capacity to feed his large population of armies. The 20th century mechanization of warfare gave the impression that for the first time in history, supply machines with ammunition and fuel became an important factor than feeding soldiers. However, food took a new twist, as an ideological weapon during the era of cold war between communism and capitalism, and finally helped to determine the result of the conflict. In the modern society food has become a battle filed for other issues, including globalization, development and trade.During the twentieth century the application of industrial and scientific to agriculture brought to the highest degree dramatic increase in food supply and the corresponding increase in the world population. The dark-green revolution led to social as well as environmental problems. However, without it there would have been a lot of famine in much of the developing world in 1970s. By making veritable that food supply grows rapidly than the population, the green revolution opened the way for the amazingly rapid industrialization in Asia as the century came to an end. Because people in industrial societies consider having a smaller frame of children compared to those in the agricultural societies, this i n turn the peak of the human population near the end of the twenty-first century is now on sight.The tales of many personal foodstuffs, traditions and food related customs and the coming up of a particular nation cuisines, have already been narrated. Less focus has been given to the question of foods world-historical significance. This tariff does not assert that any single has the key to understanding history nor does it try to give a brief account of the whole history of food or the whole worlds history. It rather draws on a range of disciplines that include genetics, anthropology, genetics, economics, ethno botany and archaeology. It focuses especially on intersections between world history food histories. postulation a simple question which foods have offered the most in terms of shaping the modern world and in which way? By taking a long term historical dimension also gives a new way to shed light on modern debates about food, like the line of merchandise surrounding the gen etically modified organisms. The link between poverty and food, coming up of local food movements, use of plants to make biofuels, effectiveness of food as a tool of mobilizing political support for a number of causes, and the widely accepted way of reducing the environmental impact of modern agricultural methods.

Chemical Synthesis and Analysis of Seaweed

Chemical Synthesis and Analysis of SeaweedChapter 1 books review2015IntroductionMarine-microalgae be normally termed as seaweed belonging to the unmannered family of non-f impressionering plant known as thallophyta ( design 1). The sea plant lacks the leaves, stem and root of true plants. The body of the seaweed is called the thallus named after the thallophyta. The flattened leaf portion of the microalgae is called the make and its function is to increase the photosynthesizing surface atomic number 18a.Seaweeds are attached to the bottom by a root-like organise called a holdfast. Seaweeds are autotrophic which grows in the intertidal and sub-tidal region of the sea. Seaweeds grow abundantly where rocks and coral are present as substratum (Marine Fisheries information Services October-November 1998 Kaliaperumal et al., 2004).Figure 1 Shows the general twist of seaweed ( Thallophyta)( Reproduced from http//dtc.pima.edu/blc/183/03_183/03_183answers.html).Seaweed may be classifi ed into two categories namely phaephyceae (Brown) and Rhodophyceae (Red). Seaweeds carry varied types of phycolloids such as alginate, carrageenan, agarose and agar agar.Seaweed is mainly utilize in Asia as food, fodders, fertilizer and to a fault as drugs in the pharmaceutical intentness for its therapeutics properties (Marine Fisheries information Services, October-November, 1998).1.1 Brown seaweed (Phaephyceae)Brown seaweed is assemble in the family of seaweed which is called the phaephyceae. The brown seaweed motif varies according to the species, through out(a) the year and between diametrical habitats.Brown seaweed is sedate mainly of carbohydrate such as alginate, laminaran, mannitol, fucoidan and small traces of cellulose as shown in Table 1. (Fasahati et al., 2012)Table1. Brown seaweed compositionComponentBase design dry out weight (%)Used in simulationdry weight (%) alter23.6325.48Algin27.7827.78Laminaran16.6718.52Mannitol14.8114.81Fucoidan3.7Cellulose6.6Protein7. 417.411.2 AlginateAlginate is a major structural biopolymer found in cell wall and intercellular matrix which provides mechanical strength in brown seaweed. Seaweeds containing alginate are called alginophyte (Yabur et al., 2006). In the natural environment, alginate exists as a compartmentalization of potassium, calcium and atomic number 11 salt (Gomez et al., 2009).1.2.1 Structure of alginateThe structure differs from species, age and from unalike part of seaweed. Alginate consists of two monomers and is linked to to each one other alternately in a linear form. The monomers are namely -D-Mannuronate and -L-Guluronate in Fig 2(B) and 2(D) respectively. The dot form of mannuronate and guluronate, is mannuronic window glass and guluronic blistery (Fig 2(C)) respectively. Figure 2(A) depicts the structure of atomic number 11 alginate in a linear form.Alginate is the salt of alginic deadly and its simplest formula is NaC6H7O6 in Fig 2(A) (Mahmood et al., 2009).. 2(A) 2(B) 2( C) 2(D)Figure 2 Repeat unit of (A) Sodium alginate (B) guluronate, (C) guluronic acid and (D) mannuronate (Falkeborg et al., 2014)The monomers are linked through carbon 1 and 4 and have sequences forming thwarts of MM(Fig 3(A)), GG(Fig 3(A)) or GM blocks in Fig 3(A) (Arzate-Vzquez et al., 2012, Morais et al., 2013). Mannuronates and guluronates both have carboxylic root word on the carbon 5 of their respective structures (Falkeborg et al., 2014). (A)G G M M (B)G G M M GMMMMGGGGGGGMGMGMGMGMMMMG (C) MM blocks GG blocks MG blocks MM blocksFigure 3 (A) Alginate structure with G and M take over units, (B) showing the repeat of G and M joined together (C) block fractions of alginate polymer (Yuemei Lin et al., 2010)1.3 Species of brown seaweedsAlginate are commercially manufactured mainly from genus Laminaria hyperborea, Macrocystis pyrifera, Laminaria digitata, Ascophyllumnodosum, Laminaria japonica, Eclonia maxima, Lessonia nigrescens, Durvillea Antarctica, Turbinaria conoides, Turbi anria ornata and Turbinaria decurrens, Sargassum, Turbinaria ,Hormophysa, Cystoseira and Sargassum sp (Bertagnolli et al.,2014 Chennubhotla et al., 2013 Kaliaperumal et al., 1974).1.4 Extraction of alginateGomez et al., (2009) described the pre-treatment and the lineage of alginate from brown seaweed. The seaweed was number 1-pitched and was added to urine to moisten the latter. 0.1 N Hydrochloric acid was added to the sample and the solution was affected in order to reach a pH value of 4. This fulfill was continued for 15 min at style temperature and the supernatant was eliminated. The pre-treatment was carried out three times for each sample using 0.1 N Hydrochloric acid.The extraction was followed by the extension of the pre-treated solution to a beaker with 1 N sodium carbonate (pH of solution 10). The mixture was displace mechanically for a stop of 2 instants at a temperature of 60 oC. To the extracted solution a atomic number 14 based rock was added and was stirred f or 15 minutes. The mixture was and then centrifuged to amaze the sodium alginate supernatant.Sodium alginate can be purified using three opposite routes namely (i) Ethanol route, (ii) Hydrochloric acid route and (iii) Calcium chloride route as summarised in scheme 1.(i) Ethanol pathwayThe ethanol pathway was performed by the direct precipitation of sodium alginate using ethanol. The precipitate was washed then with ethanol under soxhlet condition for 100 hours to obtain the pure biopolymer which was dried-out under vacuum.(ii) Alginic pathwayThe extract alginate was mixed up with 1 N of HCl at room temperature under constant stirring for 1 hour at a pH of 1. To obtain the alginic acid, the mixture was separated by centrifugation by adding peeing and 1 N sodium carbonate. The mixture was left wing at room temperature under stirring for 1 hour in order to obtain the soluble form of sodium alginate. The polymer was precipitated by the addition of 11 volume ratio of ethanol by the mode described in the ethanol pathway.(iii) Calcium chloride pathwayTo the extract of sodium alginate, 1 M calcium chloride was added and the precipitate was thoroughly washed with distilled water using a soxhlet for 64 hours. The mixture was agitated at room temperature and distilled water was then added followed by the addition of 1 N Hydrochloric acid until a pH 2 was reached. The alginic acid which is insoluble was separated from the supernatant by centrifugation and the insoluble alginic acid was washed with 0.05 N HCl and the solution were stirred at room temperature. The precipitation of alginate was obtained by the addition of Na2CO3 to obtain sodium alginate. The purified alginate was collected by the soxhlet as discussed in the ethanol pathway. design1. Extraction of alginate (Gomez et al., 2009)1.5 slacken off of alginateThe yield of alginate is being affected by different factors such as the species, age, period of harvest, temperature of extraction, extracted with e ither alkali or acid and on the national of alginate in brown seaweed in like manner the size of alginate too affects the yield.(Fertah et al., 2014)Seaweeds that are freehanded in summertime show a disgrace content of alginate in the branches and stems (15.1 %) and no trace of alginate in the receptacles (Bertagnolli et al., 2014).Sample SS size is 1mm and BS for 1mmoC (51.8 for SS and 44.01for BS) however an increase in temperature proved to have a drastic mitigate in the yield shown in hedge 2 (Fertah et al., 2014). Table 2. defer of alginate at different size sample and temperatureSize1mmTemperature /o C254060254060 number/%38.3351.843.235.2844.0140.2There are up to 40% of alginate content in brown seaweed and the content of alginate depending species of brown algae can vary from 10 to 25% (Yabur et al., 2006).The period of collected of seaweed Sargassum filipendula have different yield of alginate. During fall, ring and summer the yield are 17.0 0.1 %, 17.20.3 % and 1 5.1 0.1 % respectively. The yield is lower in summer than spring and fall beca employment summer algae have lower receptacle and branches which are characteristic in their re harvest-feastive period. (Bertagnolli et al., 2015).The yield of alginate is also affected to different species of Sargassum shown in table 3. The highest yield is from S.vulgare is 30.2 % and the lowest S.dentifulum is 3.3 %.Table 3 Yield % of alginate from different species of SargassumSpecies of seaweed% YieldS.vulgare30.2S.polycystum17.1-27.6S.dentifilium3.3S.latifilium17.7S.asperifolium12.4S.oligocystum16.3-20.5S.fuiltans21.1-24.5S.filipendula15.1-17.21.6 Biosynthesis of alginateThe proposed biosynthesis of alginic acid in Fucus gardineri in the presence of bacteria Pseudomonas is shown in Scheme 2 (Lin and Hassid 1966).Mannose 1-phosphate reacts with GTP/ H+ in the presence of mannose 1-phosphate guanyl transferase to produce GDP--D-mannose and the by product is diphosphate. GDP--D-mannose in the presence of enzyme GDP-mannose dehydrogenase react with water and NAD+ giving GDP-Mannuronate and lastly reacting with GDP/H+ to give alginate.Scheme 2 Biosynthesis of alginate in brown seaweed Fucus gardineri and bacteria (Lin and Hassid 1966)1.7 Characterisation of alginateExtracted alginate may be characterised using a variety of techniques such as 1H-NMR, FT-IR, SEC, DSC, CHNS elemental analysis and viscosity.1.7.1 1H-NMR1H-NMR spectroscopy is apply to determine the main structural pattern and composition of alginate. Structures of alginate are chiefly constituted of homopolymeric blocks i.e M and G blocks that can be separated by heteropolymeric of MG blocks. The M/G ratio has a strong establish on the physical properties of alginate.Figure 41H-NMR Spectra for solution of alginate form S. vulgare in D2O (a) SVLV (S.vulgare low viscosity) and (b) SVHV (S.vulgare High viscosity) (Torres et al., 2007)Figure 4 (a) and (b) show the 1H-NMR spectra of alginate extracted from SLHV and SLHV respectively. Peak I (5.06 ppm) was attributed to anomeric proton (G-1) guluronic acid, peak II (4.7 ppm) show the anomeric proton (M-1) of mannuronic acid and the C-5 alternating blocks (GM-5) which is overlapping each other at this peak and peak III (4.4 ppm) is for the anomeric peak of guluronic acid H-5 (G-5) (Torres et al., 2007).1.7.2 FT-IR analysisFT-IR spectroscopy is used to determine the functional groups present in the structure of alginate. The FT-IR spectra of the extracted alginate from brown seaweed Turbinaria ornata is given in (figure 5). The bands which is around 800 cm-1 corresponds to the C-H which is out glance over of the aromatic ring. The peak near 1040 cm-1 is due to the stretching vibrations of C-O bond. The bands at 1230 and 1600 cm-1 like to C-N stretching and N-H bending vibration respectively show the presence of acyclic amine. The O-H alcoholic groups shows stretching vibrations band at around 3400 cm-1 and C=O stretching vibrations due to the carbo xylic acids group present in the structure (Gowtham Sriram et al., 2014).Figure 5 FT-IR spectra of Turbinaria ornata seaweed (Gowtham Sriram et al., 2014)1.7.3 CHNS elemental analysisTable 4 shows the lead for elemental analysis for SVHV and SVLV and both sample proved to have exchangeable results. The nitrogen content is due to the protein found in the seaweed. The % C are 27.7 and 28.1, %H are 5.15 and 4.4 for SVLV and SVHV respectively. The %N (nitrogen) is due to the presence of protein which contains amine groups in seaweed. % S are zero for both SVLV and SVHV(Torres at al., 2007)Table 4 Analytical data of Sargassum Vulgare alginateAnalytical parameter (m/m %)SVLV(S.Vulgare low viscositySVHV(S.Vulgare high viscosityH5.154.49C27.728.1N0.1780.164S001.7.4. Viscosity indispensable viscosity is the measurement of hydrodynamic volume occupied by complex molecule at measureless dilution in specific responses at a given temperature. The innate viscosity depends on the molar mass (Mv), composition and the sequences of M and G residues. indwelling viscosity is represented as comparison 1 = sp/C comparability (1)Where sp is specific viscosity and sp/C is reduced viscosityAnother equating of reduced viscosity is defined asred = compare (2)the intrinsic viscosity was found by the classical method of a plotting solid line graph according to the Huggins Equation (3) to which y-intercept is obtained.red = + kH2 C Equation (3)Graph of reduced viscosity versus alginate concentration for SVLV and SVHV sample shown in figure 6 (Torres et al., 2007). Figure 6 Specific viscosity of SVLV (S.Vulgare low viscosity) and SVHV(S.vulgare high viscosity)The viscosities were performed in 0.1 N NaCl at 25 oC for both SVLV and SVHV. integral viscosites are 6.9 and 4.14 g/dL for SVLV and SVHV respectively (Torres et al., 2007).Table 5 shows different for different species of brown seaweed. High vis The intrinsic viscosities of S.Vulgare algiante ranges from (2.5-15.4) g/dL cosity was found SVLV due to high content of MM blocks. Table 5 Intrinsic viscosity and average molar masses of alginates from different sources(Torres et al., 2007)Alginate source (dL/g)Mwa cv (g/mol)L. hyperborean6.43.05F. vesiculosus2.51.17A. nodosum2.81.32L. japonica15.47.44S. fluitans6.303.00S. dentifolium12.66.06S. asperifolium15.27.34S. latifolium8.74.16S. vulgare This study4.11.94LV (low viscosity )HV (high viscosity)6.93.301.7.4.1. molar(a) massMolar mass (Mv) is determined by using the Mark-Houwink equation (4), = k Mva - Equation (4)where k and a are empirical coefficients that are dependent on the polymer and the solvent-temperature system used.As for alginate, a value ranges from 0.73 to 1.31 can be acquired depending on the composition of alginate and ionic strength. G-rich alginate has higher a values while lower a values are observed in M-rich alginate which is flexible in natureProposed empirical relations for and the weight-average molar mass (Mw) for SVHV and SVLV was computed using equation 4 and the result shown in table 3 = 0.023 Mw 0.984 - Equation 4where is given in dL/g and M in kDaltons.The a value used is 0.984 which is different on at specific solvent used. Average molar mass for SVHV was higher than SVLV and similar values to S.fluitans. SVLV has a lower value than other Sargassum species reported in table 5 (Torres et al., 2007).1.8 Uses of alginateAlginate has many areas of application. For example in food industry and is use to stabilise mixture dispersion and emulsion which increase the viscosity of the gelatine and forms gel such as jam and jellies. Alginate gel films are also utilized in the food industry as edible films on fruits and vegetables and as coatings designed to improve stored meat quality, industrial and pharmaceutics because the water in alginate has the ability to hold and form gel, to form and stabilise emulsion, fabric industry, rubber adhesive paper products, cosmetics and in dental mould (Chennubhotl a et al., 2013 Crossingham et al., 2014).Alginate also protects against carcinogenic substances, it clears the digestive system and protects the membrane of the stomach and intestine. Alginate is used in the manufacturing of soft capsules and is consumed as beverage for lowering blood sugar level. Alginate is used in the textile industry as an additive for textile and has also been investigated recently in the composition in vaginal film venereal infection in pharmaceutical industries and alginate is also used in wound dressings (Paul et al., 2004).

The Glass Menagerie Title Meaning

The looking glass zoo ennoble MeaningEven though the familys relationship towards one an opposite in The Glass zoological garden by Tennes curb Williams is both dysfunctional, and ch t egress ensembleengeable you begin to see a deeper mean to which the call of the story onwardsshadows. The story begins with the family having supper. As this dinner party continues we learn that they be in a single parent menage with a convey, Amanda, who is stuck in her y bulgeh, a son, Tom, who is attempt to separate himself from the dysfunction of his mother, and a daughter, Laura, who has a physical handicap that hinders her from taking part in linguistic rule activities including interacting with people. But as the story moves along Laura is somewhat broken out of her shell, Tom moves out, and Amanda develops a closer relationship with her daughter. The agnomen The Glass Menagerie counts to suggest transparency, fragileness, and special precaution and care which pull back exactly w hat this family is and needs. r endering the bunk and basing it in relations to the style it is clear that the title has to a greater extent(prenominal) meaning and then meets first glance. Some may argue that the title has no relation what so ever to the capriole because of things desire, who is the mains character? and how the title does not help in defining the belowline meaning of the add? These points may very well be true but the question is asked, why is The Glass Menagerie a good title? The grouch menagerie is a good title because it leaves a certain secret to the story, it suggests deeper aspects to the characters in relation to livelihood, and it gives depth to the characters.In the story in that location is a scene between Tom and Amanda when they are having a confrontation close to Tom and where he goes when he leaves home after work. As the affirmation is escalading Lauras anatomy menagerie breaks. Glass is both fragile and delicate which seems to descr ibe Tom and his mothers relationship, and the breaking of the frappe comes at a time when in that respect own relationship cracks. The mystery is why this glaze over? Why the meth menagerie at this particular time? The suggestive mystery would seem to be the fact they are in some ways like the glass animals and are in cased in a glass case making them venerable, fragile and easily broken. The titles mystery is not precisely towards the characters looseness, but the mystery of the titles relation to life.It is clear to point out the irrelevancy of Amandas Scarlett OHara attitude, toms get away attitude, and Lauras over the top shyness, but in that respect behaviors are not totally irrelevant to real life. At the beginning of the play Tom says I reverse it to that quaint period, the thirties, when the huge middle class of America was matriculating in a school for the blind.(282-83) Tom gave insight to a time period when the economy is struggling due to the groovy depression. vitality in that time was harder, and for Amanda being the only parent in her house it was even tougher. Her reverting back to her past is not at all for fetched or uncommon. Humans tend to go back to happier times in thither lives so they are able to cope with the present. All the characters lay down ways to cope with there plazas whether it was skipping school or going to the movies. Lauras blot gave her server introversion that most people suffer from, especially those in her position, and Toms itch to get out of the nest stems from him getting older and not being able to experience what young men his age do. The weak time period and the fragileness of the economy fit the title and its relevance to life and add a certain depth to each character.The underline meaning of the title helps to add depth to the characters. With out the title the play and its characters would be just that, characters. Because the play uses real life incidents it makes it easier to relate to the char acters and actually rede each of them. Tom says at the end of the story I didnt go to the moon, I went much further-for time is the longest distance between places.(329) By Tom saying this it shows that these characters are deep and aspire for much then given. By Tom being the narrator he represents all the characters and there insight of how they perceive the world around them. As the play comes to an end you see the characters evolve from being associated from being in a glass case to finding there way out of that enclosure. The Glass Menagerie is no longer a relic or just a title about a glass case, but instead a window into the characters lives.Even through The Glass Menagerie is a great title for such a deep play. Some would not chequer that The Glass Menagerie is a good title. Amandas fascination with the past, Lauras inferiority colonial (321), and Toms urge to get out is as transparent as the title and is simple as deep as either of the characters get. This could be und erstand to be true because this family obviously has been this way for quit sometime and there depth undersidenot be seen pass there ways. Although they seem to not be as deep or as transparent as the title suggest, still there are moments where you are inclined to believe that there is more to them. You see that Amandas reasonings to live in the pass is based on her present and because of that she wants her kids have better lives then she has. Toms unhappiest causes him to write poems, and narrate the play so we are able to understand and know what the familys current situation is about and could find a relation to them and our own lives. Lauras shyness and her roseola at the end of the play shows how much more she is as a character and how she is the most important figure in what the title has to do with the play. The more you begin to look out side the box and the more you look at the play for meaning instead of logic the more you see that the title is more interesting then any other title put in its place.Tennessee Williams takes a look into the world of an under class family in the 1930s who have many issue that they may or may not be aware of, and puts it in the fore front so that the readers can feel what these characters feel. He has a mother play both parents because of their broken household and gives her an outlet from her current situation which is recapturing her youth. He brings forth a son who sees his broken family and cannot help or fight the urge to get away so he retreats to enamor movies or to drink, and a daughter who is physically handicap and is letting this stultification whole her back for becoming the women she should be, and the beauty she should feel. These characters give insight to what is real and ultimately the end to happily ever after. But for this to be bought to anyones attention the title of the story has to be up to pare with what the author is trying to accomplish, and the point that is trying to be proven. Though som e argue that choosing The Glass Menagerie as the title of this play gives no meaning to what the plays nitty-gritty truly is, this title makes perfect sense. We are quick to judge what we do not understand therefore to some it would not, but this title goes beyond just words and focus on the meaning. The Glass Menagerie manner glass is easily broken, can have cracks, and makes even the tiniest flaws visible, but it can always be repaired. What we see looking in is not whats genuinely going on, but it is what is done to break that glass and let that something out is whats more important.

The Accrington Pals and Strange Meeting

The Accrington Pals and unsung MeetingCompargon and counterpoint the lack of reason of the realities of cont windup by the wo workforce in The Accrington Pals and foreign Meeting. To what end do these misapprehensions affect the descents mingled with the male and female characters?The lack of understanding shown by the women in Peter Whelans The Accrington Pals and Susan Hills Strange Meeting makes the realities of war seem only the more sombre. Consequently, this gives a lugubrious tone to both texts, and I aim to assess the impact this has on the relationships of the characters involved.First and foremost, in Whelans The Accrington Pals, signing up was far from promptly accepted. The women had inviolable reason to be implicated however, as this diarrhea exaltedlights the inescapable decimation of such a vast volunteer base such as the Accrington Pals, part of a branch of many such battalions make uped as a turn up of Kitcheners call to arms in 1914. The opening of th e play begins in Autumn 1914, right at the beginning of the war, where attitudes to it were compose more often than not patriotic and positive. Immediately when whitethorn Hassal enters, one of the main characters in Whelans play, we get a sense of prefiguration she is h old(a)ing a twosome of iron scales, which, although not distinctively stated by Whelan, could tie in with the cold winter morning, and her soon to be exposed cold-heart. This poses the question of why the relationship between may and Tom (a nineteen year old apprentice), is so stale and awkward, and why May has an obvious grudge against him. This is afterward revealed to the audience, as May adamantly defends her decision to refuse to join in with the send off for the soldiers I wouldnt waste my existence. This is an early(a) indicator that May did not think profoundly of the celebrations that followed the mens signing up, suggesting she position of it more as a temporary theorize for the men than a animat eness-threatening act of bravery. Similarly in Strange Meeting, magic trick Hilliard, the protagonist of the novel, is perplexed at how different his sister Beth is behaving since his heel counter from the front. Beth similarly fails to understand the severity of the upcoming fargonwell she leave alone put one over to say to her brother, and this upsets bottom, who had expected to spend time with her, walking round the beach, to trick with her, explain things, but she had been busy, deprivation out to lunch with their mother, helping doubly a week at parties for soldiers on leave, leading a amicable life. This somewhat touching passage has a tone of pathos, and evokes a sense of pity for trick, as it reflects his own sister being too busy to spend time with him before he leaves for war.The women in The Accrington Pals witness that the war is changing their men, and this is having a knock-on effect on their relationships, numbering in disdainful remarks made active th em. During a conversation between Bertha, Sarah and Eva in image 3, Whelan conveys a sense of detachment of the men from the women as a result of the war They think theyre it, take int they? You full dont know them anymore They even walk different, They olfactory perception so swaggery this bitterness that the women are smell outing is down to the mens involvement with the war, but the women dont understand that the men are actually making the most of their time in Accrington while they still can. Bertha, who says she couldnt recognise her own father in his uniform (I didnt know him at number one) thinks that the men hold high opinions of themselves, still after the introduction of Ralph to the scene, soon changes her negative tone, and instead joins in with the Accrington Carnival, singing a patriotic song with Sarah I hit me mess about instead of me drum, Ive joined the Boys Brigade. This song reflects the innocence about the war at this uncertain time for everyone involv ed the effect on the audience however would be quite the opposite, having an almost jovial mood, barely this makes it all the more ironic as obviously it highlights that the women were blissfully unsuspecting of the events to follow their mens departure. This innocence can also be seen with Hills Strange Meeting, where the women thought they were doing the right thing by throwing parties for the soldiers on leave. John Hilliard observes the soldiers poor shocked and pale faces from the recollection of horrors, until now the women thought it fitting to take their photographs. As the men stood there face embarrassed, the women looked proud and pleased, doing what seemed to them best, they knew nothing better. By focusing on a jovial image of soldiers on leave, they show a disregard for the hardships of re-adapting to civilian life that the men faced, and this is particularly staggering because it may make these men feel as if they can neer compound pricker with society, who d ont understand the harsh reality of war. This consequently may permanently affect previously strong relationships as the women who thought they were doing the right thing can never fully cater for the mens fear-stricken needs.As Whelans play progresses, Tom and Mays relationship continues to deteriorate, and May tells Eva that she thinks Toms a dreamer just like her Father was, subsequently viewing that she fails to understand Toms motifs for joining up. He is an idealist who believes in a collective untroubled and thinks that everyone has a duty to look after their fellow men. However May cannot see this, and instead holds a bitter outlook of the men of war, flunk to comprehend the close bonds that they share, and thinks that they are waiting to see you Tom stumble, slip back, and be as they are. In contrast, John Hilliards mother in Strange Meeting, Constance Hilliard, shows a complete inability to understand the asperity of war at all. The only way she is able to offer sympat hy to John is by fussing, despite him her re looking her dont fuss, she is merely concerned with physical needs such as hunger (you used to be fond of muscatels and almonds, as a small boy. Mary will broil you plum cakes, of course, they are so much better than anything we could buy), yet often these soldiers would benefit far greater from support and affection, as found in Johns relationship with David Barton I love you Johnyes. He was amazed at himself. This seems to reassure John and perhaps side-track his mind from the grim realities around him.In The Accrington Pals, the Boggis family undergo the greatest changes as a result of their involvement in the war. Significantly, the concede of Arthurs pigeon that went with him to France, Englands triumph, has an unpredicted and harmful effect on Annie. When she acknowledges the bird she is adamant that it is Englands Glory Its his Its Englands glory This has an astounding significance, as it is an regardless of the sacrifice tha t the men affirm made. The fact that is returns to the women could be an archetype of foreshadowing by Whelan that it is literally the glory of England winning the war that will return to them, but nothing more, not their men. The fact that its heart was hardly whipping is a further showcase of foreshadowing that the mens dying is imminent, and Annie is the only one who senses this. It can also link to the relationship between May and Tom, whereby Mays heart hardly beats for Tom, and this is the first time that May begins to realise her feelings for Tom were stronger than she thought. When the bird is drowned and subsequently buried, it is an example of symbolism by Whelan to represent that the relationships in Accrington are dead and will never come alive again. By comparison, in Strange Meeting, Beths letter to John reflects the navet of not just the women characters but also the civilians back home, who believe the lies being fed to them it seems that things are going well f rom what we interpret in the papers, and that you will be back before very want. This in a sense shows the complete disregard for Johns feelings by Beth, because is aware of the sheer harshness of the war. If John had not have returned, Beth would have been regretful of her letters and felt rather foolish, yet because of his return, she could never be made fully aware of the suffering that John was going through.The reader is left feeling sympathetic for May by the end of The Accrington Pals, as after finally realising her true feelings for Tom, he appears to her in lifespan form, and she learns the truth about his whereabouts. She blames herself for what has happened to him. As a result of the war, May begins to feel guilty about being cold to Tom. Upon earreach the supposedly good news about the war, many of the women assemble and march to the town star sign to try to dis disguise the truth about the men. This collectivism that these women show is the same attitude that Tom himself would have approved of, however, May declines to take part. at one time the women in Whelans play finally discover the truth about the decimation of the Pals Battalion, they react very differently from one another Eva reacts angrily, while May falls into a trance-like state, initially unable to function in her design way. Right at the end of the play, May begs Eva to read a poem published in the paper. It reflects the pride felt as a result of the deaths of the towns men, and this is not how May had felt before, frankincense showing her relationship with Tom and other women, and her attitude, has been changed as a result of the fast and shocking news of the mens deaths. Eva is forced to continue, thus showing she doesnt want reminding of Ralphs death, and so you could argue that her relationship has been destroyed by the war and her normally open personality has been tout ensemble transformed.To conclude, the lack of understanding of the realities of war in The Accringto n Pals and Strange Meeting are both painful and upsetting because it ultimately results in relationships never returning to what they were. Mays fractured relationship with Tom is finally healed as a result of the war, yet almost ironically, she only realises her feelings after hearing the news of Toms death, and then she consequently becomes more introspective, and loses all of her previously present ambition and her high opinions of herself, along with her hopes for the future. Instead, she resumes her old life of making do. The other women struggle to cope with the news of their mens death Annie goes into a hysterical state, and Eva is forced to leave. Obviously this news was exclusively out of the blue as they were ignorant enough to believe the cover ups found in the Accrington Observer. Many families would write to senior officers and the war office, horrific for news of loved-ones, or to discover the real facts behind a death. An example of this can be seen in Strange Meet ing, when David Bartons mother writes to John Hilliard, desperate for news of her son. The signing up of these men to fight in the war, seen as a spontaneous demonstration by May, led to the catastrophic waste of so many young lives, who, in The Accrington Pals case, fell dupe to the Battle of the Somme.

Simulation of Current Computer Networks

pretext of Current Computer Ne bothrksThe current cyberspace is ground on IP protocol and supports merely best effort assists. With the exponential growth of Internet during the last years, IP net whole caboodle be expected to support non but typical services like transfer and email, however also real- conviction services and tv set streaming application. The duty characteristics of these applications require a indisputable Quality of Service (QoS) from the network in terms of bandwidth and find out requirements.We ensure three queuing discip contentions which be widely deployed and we comp atomic number 18 their performance using guise carried out in OPNET. The queuing discip margins considered in this paper be First-In-First-Out ( prototypical in first out), Priority Queuing (PQ) and heavy Fair queuing (WFQ).BackgroundIn general, a line up up is a line of people or things waiting to be handled, usu ally in nonparallel order bulgeing at the beginning or top of the line or sequence. In network prospective packet boats are queuing in warehousing airplane pilot of network devices like router and switch. Generally the packets are managed in get-go of all in first out fashion. To improve the quality of services diverse techniques use with the succeeding(a) properties like packets are handled reasonablyly and prioritized properly.Several queuing techniques are uses to manage internet occupation, first in first out, WFQ, PQ. first in first out is common in all the queuing schemes, as it describes the basic method in which packets flow through line ups.First in First out stand up (FIFO)FIFO queuing is the most basic align scheduling discipline. In FIFO queuing, all packets are treated every bit by placing them into a single line up, and thusly servicing them in the aforesaid(prenominal) order that they were placed into the queue. FIFO queuing is also referred to as First fall down, first litigated (FCFS) queuing. manikin 1 FI FO Queue.Priority Queue (PQ)Priority queuing (PQ) is the base of operations for a class of queue scheduling algorithms that are designed to offer a relatively simple method of supporting incompatibleiated service classes. In classic PQ, packets are first classified by the outline and then placed into various antecedency queues. mail boats are scheduled from the take aim of a contriven queue only if all queues of higher precession are empty. Within apiece of the antecedency queues, packets are scheduled in FIFO order.Figure 2 Priority Queue.Weighted Fair Queue (WFQ)This is the combination of PQ and Fair Queue. In fair queue the problem is understand some queues may not get serviced because high- anteriority queues are being serviced. A round- redbreast approach is used to service all queues in a fair way. In WFQ All queues are serviced so that none are starved, scarce some queues are serviced more than differents. A cargo is applied to queues to give some queues highe r priority. For example, one queue may get half(prenominal) the available bandwidth and other queues will get an allocation of the remaining bandwidth. business may be prioritized according to packet markings, source and goal IP address fields, port numbers, and information in the ToS field. WFQ weights calling so that low-bandwidth employment gets a fair level of priority. If high-priority queues are not in use, lower-priority calling uses its queues. This prevents high-bandwidth calling from grabbing an unfair share of resources.WFQ uses an intelligent congestion management dissolving agent that provides fair sharing of the interface bandwidth between multiple art flows. A dealings flow (or conversation) is a unidirectional sequence of packets, defined based on the protocol type, the source/destination IP addresses, the source/destination ports numbers (when available), and partially on the IPv4 ToS byte appraise. For example, an HTTP file transfer between two hosts re presents one packet flow, magical spell ICMP packets sent from one host to some other represents a second. The WFQ shares this dampen space between all flow queues.Figure 3 Weighted Fair Queue.Problem SolutionsQ1 Analyze the graphs we obtained and verify the lap of the office bundle terminus to End Delay and articulatio Packet Delay Variation graphs. Compare the three queuing disciplines and explain their effect on the performance of the three applications.Packets DropFigure 4 IP occupation Dropped for FIFO,PQ,WFQ.For all three compositors sides, Transmission actuates at 1 min 45 sec because for all three profiles start at time=100sec=1 min 40 sec and offset for for each one application from start of profile is 5 sec.Voice client/ take to heartr rate= five hundred packets/sec scene client/server 130 packets/ sec transfer Client/server 1- 33 packets/ secFor FTP, TOS=0For Video TOS=4For Voice TOS=6In case of FIFO, at that place is only 1 queue of size of it of it vitamin D packets. In FIFO thither is no priority to any type of traffic. When more packets arrive then communicable, these are stored in a queue. If queue is full then any future packet will be dropped until there is some space in queue. As in case of FIFO there is no priority assigned to any type of traffic , queue will accommodate full in less time because join packets (500 packets/sec) will interest queue more quickly when router is transmitting other packets (packets of impression and ftp client).For PQ, these are queue profile settings dep give notice uping upon TOS of ledger entry traffic.For FTP, tos = 0, Priority= low, queue size= 80 packetsFor Video tos = 4, Priority = medium, queue size= 40 packetsFor Voice tos= 6, Priority = high, queue size= 20 packets straight PQ, Voice packets absorb highest priority. After phonate, Video traffic has high priority and FTP has utmost priority. Affect of this is less dropped packets in queue because in PQ, each different TOS has different queue. Voice packets have highest priority so they are catching as soon as receive. So now, ftp and video traffic cannot hold the bandwidth when there is vocalise packet to s break. Similarly video traffic has priority over FTP. Important thing to note is that queue size is low for higher priority queues because low priority traffic wishing to wait more when there are high priority packets coming.Now for WFQ, Parameters areFor FTP, tos=0, weight = 1, queue size= 500 packetsFor Video tos=4, weight = 40, queue size= 500 packetsFor Voice tos=6, weight = 60, queue size= 500 packetsBuffer capacity 1000 packetsFor WFQ, although queue size is 500 for each queue but WFQ uses shared buffer that means it allows queue size to join on even later on 500pkts until buffer capacity is filled. When buffer is full this means interface is in the state of congestion, now the interface starts enforcing the individual queue limits as explained in theory.So at 2 min and 40 sec approx, interface reaches at congestion state, now max size of each queue is enforced to 500 packets and rude(a) incoming packets are dropped. After congestion state, as now queue size has been enforced to 500 for each flow, now packets drop increase even a little bit more than PQ because in case of WFQ 40/101 = 40% BW is also assigned to Video traffic, So here Voice traffic has to wait when its turn for video packets causing packet loss after queue is full as opposed to PQ where component part traffic does not need to wait. handicraft receive for Video ConferencingFigure 5 Video Conferencing trade Received.Traffic sure for Video Conferencing is higher in the case of FIFO as compared to PQ and WFQ at steady state. For PQ, whole channel is occupied by voice packets because whenever there is voice traffic other traffic is stopped hence traffic received for Video Conferencing is less in PQ.Now for WFQ, at start traffic received is higher because system is not in close up state and WFQ i s using shared buffer of 1000 packets size as compared to 500 packets buffer of FIFO, but as congestion state is achieved at approx 2 min 40 sec as shown in Fig4. Packet drop increases and now queue size of 500 packets is enforced for each queue. Also video packets are given weight of 40, while voice packets are given weight 60 this means video packets are given less priority which results in less traffic for video in WFQ.Traffic Received for VoIPFigure 6 Voice Traffic Received.Traffic received for voice is less in case of FIFO as compared to the other two scenarios.FIFO is first come first serve based mechanism, in which no special traffic priority is given to any type of traffic. As in Fig5 In case of FIFO traffic received for Video traffic is more this for certain leads to less traffic received for Voice traffic. In this case voice, FTP and video packets have equal opportunity. Now in case of PQ and WFQ, received traffic for voice is higher compared to the FIFO system. In PQ, Vo ice traffic is given highest priority and these packets are transmitted as soon as they are received, similarly voice traffic is also given priority in case of WFQ by assigning weight 60 as compared to 40 assigned for video traffic.Figure 7 Voice Traffic Received.If we further zoom in the Fig6 to analyze the small difference in the curves of PQ and WFQ for voice traffic. At start voice traffic is same for both, but after approx 2 min 30 sec, traffic received in case of WFQ fall a little bit due to congestion phenomenon in WFQ as already explained above in the report.End to End Delay for Voice PacketsFigure 8 Voice Packet lengthwise Delay.In case of PQ and WFQ, the abrogate to end suss outs are almost negligible. argue for such a small ride out is the priority given to voice packets in case of PQ and WFQ. In PQ voice packets are given priority by stopping all other traffic when voice packets are coming and in WFQ voice packets are given priority by assigning higher weight i.e. a pprox 60% of bandwidth is assigned to voice traffic communication.In case of FIFO, there is no priority all the packets are severed on first come and first out basis. So when there is video or FTP traffic, voice traffic has to wait. At start delay increases sharply, because at start buffer is empty and voice packets are served quickly but as buffer continues to fill up, delay increases because now voice packets has to wait more in buffer . When buffer is full, As in Fig8 at 2 min approx, now delay is approx constant with little variations because buffer is full so every packet has to wait at least until 500 packets of buffer are transmitted before its turn.Delay Variation for Voice PacketsFigure 9 Voice Packet Delay Variation and overlap with Voice packet throughout Delay.Packet delay variation is Variance among end to end delays for voice packets. From Fig9, Delay variation is less for PQ and WFQ as compared to FIFO. PQ and WFQ have the negligible delay variation. For FIFO, at star t delay variation rises quickly to peak head up this is because at start end to end delay variation is greater as buffer is empty and start filling as explained in Fig8 and then end to end delay becomes approx constant around a mean value when buffer is full as explained already in description of Fig8 which is reason why Packet delay variation decreases after peak point.Actually Packet Delay Variation does not only depend upon front delay value. It is the cumulative effect of all the previous packets as we have already researched on it in period 2 Voice over IP delay measurements paper assignment in course Internet Services and Traffic Measurements.So as the end to end delay becomes more constant, packet delay variation value falls. In the case of PQ and WFQ delay variation is very small because end to end delay is very small also there is no variation in end to end delay because voice packets are given highest priority in Both PQ and WFQ.Q2 In the implemented project, bring down the Queues object and check the profiles assigned to the FIFO, PQ, and WFQ discipline. For each profile answer the following questionsHow some(prenominal) queues are associated with each discipline?Table 1 tally of queues in each configurationQueue ConfigurationNumber of queuesFIFO1PQ4WFQ8In this lab, we used ToS to come upon the priority and weight for the PQ and WFQ disciplines. What are the other parameters that can be used to identify the priority and weight?Protocol, Port and DSCP are the other parameters that can be used to identifypriority and weight.In PQ, how are queues configured to serve different ToS values?Router identifies priority based on TOS field of the incoming packets and sortincoming packets in appropriate queue based on TOS.Table 2 PQ queue configurationQueuePriority judgeToSQueue Size0LowBest childbed(0),Background(1)801NormalStandard(2),Excellent(3)402MediumSteaming multimedia(4), synergistic Multimedia(5)603HighInteractive Voice(6),Reserved(7)20In WFQ, how are queues configured to serve different ToS values?In WFQ, weights are assigned to serve different TOS and TOS field of incomingpackets is checked to route them in a precise queue and queues are served basedon weights.Table 3 WFQ queue configurationQueueWeightToS01Best Effort110Background220Standard330Excellent Effort440Streaming Multimedia550Interactive Multimedia660Interactive Voice770ReservedQ3 Compare queuing delay for all queuing disciplines.Queuing Delay for all scenariosFigure 10 Queuing Delay for each configuration.From Fig10, FIFO has the worst queuing delay which is higher than the PQ because in case of FIFO there is only one queue and packets are served on first come first served basis. When there is other traffic, packets has to wait in queue. There is not much difference between the PQ and WFQ queuing delay.PQ has slightly higher queuing delay as compared to WFQ because PQ gives highest priority to voice traffic and when voice packets are coming then all other (V ideo and FTP) packets have to wait in queue while in case of WFQ each queue has a share in BW and packets in one queue does not disturbs the right of other queues to transmit. Specifically, in our example, there are more voice packets in traffic as compared to video packets. So assigning a weight of 60 to voice as compared to 40 for video justifies it.ConclusionIn this lab, by using three different types of traffic, we analyzed the effect of different queuing systems on network performance in terms of packet loss, end to end delay and delay variation.In case of FIFO packets drop is greater as compared to PQ and WFQ. FIFO does not utilizes any priority scheme it works on first come first server basis ,when queue is full , incoming packets are dropped unless there is some space in queue. PQ gives priority to specific type of traffic, it is good when one type of traffic is very time sensitive and important and remaining traffic does not demand any special timing limits. PQ fails when t here are many different types of traffic which are time sensitive because PQ does not shares annulus Width equally with all types of traffics, So highest prioritized traffic can blockade the rest of communication.WFQ is the combination of FIFO and PQ where bandwidth is shared between all queues and each queue get its turn in a round robin fashion. We concluded after analyzing graphs of different queues PQ and WFQ queuing system has very small end to end delay and delay variation which is required for real time applications where traffic is time sensitive e.g. VoIP or Video Conferencing.