Department of Marketing Studies &International Marketing Essay Example for Free

division of marketing Studies International merchandising EssayHere is my draw on distant Exchange policy of EXIM BANK Limited A Critical Evaluation submitted to your honor. A methodological look was conducted to prepare the report for fulfillment of the requirement of Internship Program, an integral part to the academic curriculum for MBA. This report has been prepared on the basis of the findings out of the research pee with practical knowledge, which includes collection of primary and secondary data, intelligence with the executives and study on relevant books and publications. I have studied on relevant issues and tried to cozy up the pros and cons of it accordingly in this regard. I have also tried to reflect all the findings of my study in this report to the point to make it a rich one.I would like to express my gratitude for your kind focus in completion of the report assigned for me. I sincerely hope that this report will abut your expectation and will serv e its purposes.Thanking you.Sincerely yours(Trishita Chowdhoury)Class Roll no. 15036Exam. Roll no. 2000/88Registration no. 2445MBA, Department of Marketing Studies International Marketing University of Chittagong.ACKNOWLEDGEMENTAll the praise and esteem for almighty God the most gracious, most merciful that has enabled me for successful completion and submission of this dissertation timely.I would like to express profound gratitude and indebtedness to my honorable teacher and Internship supervisor Mr. Bazlur Rahman Associate Professor Department of marketing, University of Chittagong, Bangladesh, for his direct concern, professional guidance, encouragement during my research work and for his critical suggestions and corrections of the manuscript in the breeding of this Internship up to this.I accord a deep sense of appreciation to the professor Salamatullah Bhunia Chairman of Marketing Department, University of Chittagong, for providing necessary facilities during my research time. I express my profound gratitude to all other respected and honorable teachers of our department for their mental boosting up and give their valuable advice during my research work.I shall be improper, if I dont thank Mr. Md. Abdul Hasham, honorable Assistant Vice President Manager of EXIM Bank (CDA Avenue Branch) who gave the opportunity to work in his well-reputed organization as internee.I offer my sincere convey to all the officials of the EXIM Bank, CDA Avenue Branch, Chittagong, who heartily arrange and support me all time.I also grateful to the other officers and staffs of our Department of Marketing university of Chittagong for their nonstop help during the research program.I am really thankful to all my all classmates of Department of Marketing who are always a source of inspiration for me in accomplishing this work.Finally, I would like to say thanks to all these spate and looking forward for their continued support and cooperation in future.EXECUTIVE SUMMERY instantly Banking Sector is much more integrated into both individual and also business organization. Banking sector has expand todays business world.A financial institution that is licensed to deal with money and its commutation by accepting time and demand deposit making, loans and investing in security is called Bank. It can be expanded through Private and public own based. But in Bangladesh imprecateing has extremely expanded in the current few years. In Bangladesh there are too many banking institution. They all are seek to keep their customer in a level through providing better service. All of are lend oneself their activities through General banking like deposit collection, saving money, handling transfer transaction Loan and bring up like term loan, cash credit, industry loan, Foreign Exchange like letter of guarantee, import and export, remit etc.Service from banking is seemed to vary from service provider organization to another service provider organization. This bleak part gets more sensitivity when individual as well as countrys strength like Foreign exchange policy of a bank involves in there. And, it becomes more complex if that bank owned by a private sector and its also Shariah based bankinginstitution. This is why, I purport myself fortunate enough to win a chance for undergoing an internship program EXIM Bank limited special name with CDA avenue branch.Foreign Exchange policy of our country approved by Bangladesh Bank. This specific policy must be follow by the all other bank. We know Export and import is the most historic issue for every country. Every countrys national bank determined its policy, which are extremely related to the countrys welfare. In our country our national bank Bangladesh Bank determined this policy.This visibleness reflects the unique position of the Foreign Exchange Policy of EXIM Bank Bangladesh limited is enjoying. So, i think a deep-rooted study may explore the mystery of its success side by side indicating t he debate behind failure one to another service provider organizations.This study will comprise the searching findings of EXIM Bank Bangladesh limited its General Banking, Loan investment, Specially Foreign exchange policy, recommendations in the light of determine objectives, and methodology subject to acknowledgement of the affect caused by unavoidable limitation. In recent survey an key things comes out that is investor from other countries have getting interest to invest there. Investment from the other country extremely related to the Foreign Exchange policy that include export and import business of a country. In here there is a fuss that most of the policy has been taken from the highly qualified people but they take policy never talk with ultimate investor who are working in the uncouth level. EXIM Bank Bangladesh limited follows all of the policy strictly.But some times it also face problem for that policy. Working in the practical field researcher find that in some cases merchandiser essential high priced L/C value if the bank is capable but it cannot do that for the policy limitations. So in that time they have to follow the other initiative, which create problem. Here the researcher make this report by the following way. Chapter -1 shows the introductory analysis. Chapter 2 shows theoretical analysis for the study. Chapter 3 shows overview of the EXIM Bank.Chapter-4 Analysis Evaluation of FEP of EXIM Bank.Chapter-5 shows major findings Andfinally Chapter-5 shows recommendation and conclusion Here the most noticeable thing is that EXIM Bank Bangladesh limited creates just about 23% growth about its foreign exchange policy. It enjoy all the facilities that it can.

Tragedy and Revenge in Aristotle and Shakespeare’s Masterpiece Essay Example for Free

Tragedy and Revenge in Aristotle and Shakespe atomic number 18s Masterpiece testI. IntroductionTragedy is a play dealing with serious events, in which the leading character suffers because of his actions. It ends unhappily, unremarkably with the milling machinerys death. Although no exact, detailed definition of tragedy has been agreed upon by novices, the term is ordinarily used to describe nonmusical dramatic works, not operas. The issues in tragedy are significant, and the characters and action are basically realistic. Tragedy thus differs from melodrama, which whitethorn be sad or horrible but is unreal and superficial. It is also to be distinguished from sadomedy, in which elements of both tragedy and comedy are combined, and which ends happily. (See Aristotle and Tragedy). thesis Statement This paper scrutinizes the two plays which are village and Oedipus the index.II. DiscussionA. crossroads and the Aspect of Revenge and How It Transcends all Genre village bes t exemplifies the genre of Elizabethan strike back. A center of many arguments is the apparent detainment of Hamlets revenge. Critical discussion of this supposed procrastination has a long history. Goethe thought Hamlet too sensitive, Coleridge and A.W. von Schlegel too intelligent to be capable of action. The early 20th century English critic A.C. Bradley saw him as restrained by melancholia, the 19th century German scholar Herman Ulrici by honourable scruples the Freudians viewed him as too complex-ridden to kill his uncle (See Hamlet).This aspect of Hamlets behavior is seen every as a flaw or a virtue. The story contains four sons of murdered comes (Hamlet, Laertes, Fortinbras, and Pyrrhus), but Hamlet differs from the threes pursuit for revenge. He even goes as far as feigning aberration in order to conceal his real agitation and divert attention from his task of revenge. The subject of revenge, which is bingle of the focal themes of the play, transcends every genre, for there is a Hamlet in every one of us.As Hamlet in the story suffers pain and grief as a result of the circumstances surrounding his fathers death, the usurping of the throne and by the betrayal he felt from his mothers remarriage to his fathers brother, Hamlet is then filled with the dilemma of whether to take revenge against the wrongdoer. Suffering and grief as a consequence of injustice and oppression is as old as mans history (Rowse, 1984).Even during the production line of the play, Hamlets torment alienates him from all those well-nigh him, even though he has a snug friend to confide with. Such inner turmoil is only expressed in his soliloquies but mysterious to those around him. Certainly, the depth of suffering is kn proclaim only the most by the one who suffers.How people variously react to such agonies is showcased in the plays story. Most often, it is the common desire to act as the three other young men (Laertes, Fortinbras, and Pyrrhus) did pursue their task of ven geance with ruthless single-mindedness. However, Hamlets situation is far more complicated. This shows that indeed, vengeance is far from simple. While it seeks to retaliate by inflicting pain for pain, Shakespeares Hamlet shows the peril of vengeance. All those who sought revenge died. Hamlets loved ones (such as Ophelia), those whom he could have sought solace and comfort, and himself also died. They became victims of Hamlets reckless rage as a result of his deflected and unfulfilled desire for retaliation. Revenge therefore, sinks both the offender and the avenger, pulling down along with it the innocent. It is a bearer of destruction.While most revenge plays justifies the avenger by emphasizing him or her as a victim, Hamlets character hangs a question above it. At the very core of revenge is bitterness, and is like a rotten apple that spoils the whole bunch. It has destroyed everything thats good in Hamlet and made him much more evil than his stepfather. The danger of retaliati on is to do greater victimize than what was received. No one overcomes evil, with evil (See Hamlet). Before bitterness could do its harm, it is best thrown out. Truly, Shakespeares Hamlet speaks to every individual in every genre, since ALL of us must pass finished a time of making that choiceTO BE (bitter) OR NOT TO BE (bitter)? That indeed is a question we all must face (Rowse, 1984).B. Oedipus, the struggles and revengeThe play Oedipus the King, also known as Oedipus Rex is a play written by Sophocles with Oedipus as the main character. Oedipus is considered a tragic hero since despite his offerly birth he is unable to overcome the obstacles he has encountered in his disembodied spiritspan and about his past. There are certain characteristics in a story which leads a character to be identified as a tragic hero. A tragic hero must be of high social meridian who commits a fatal mistake and in Oedipus case of poor judgment. Oedipus fits the description, being born of nobility with King Laius and Queen Jacosta as his biological parents, ruler of Thebes.His poor judgment is made obvious when in scrutinizing for Laius murderer, Oedipus stubbornly paid no attention to cheat prophet Tiresias forewarnings not to continue in the investigation. And although Tiresias was blind and old, king Oedipus accused the prophet instead, of being the murderer. A tragic hero is set as an congressman for the viewers of the tragic consequences when a man of lofty position falls because of his own misdeeds, although the tragic hero realizes his mistakes and learn from it. Typically, a person of great stature is regarded with admiration and respect by the people and those around him. If, in the course of time, such person is eaten by a desire to continuously receive such admiration, he or she suffers the malady of grandiosity (See Oedipus the King).In this situation, the person is narcissistic, which means the person thinks exceedingly of his or her own personal qualities a s being superior than that of others such as physical looks, intelligence, talents or abilities, and achievements. Depression plagues the person if such a need is not met. Oedipus position of loftiness crumbles upon the Herdsmans revelation of the kings parenthood. Oedipus words upon knowing the truth expresses a pessimistic perspective of his demeanor and future.Secondly, a tragic heros fate is undeserved. In Oedipus case, certain circumstances in his life are outside his control. It began when it was known through a prophecy that it was destined that king Laius will be killed by his own son. Queen Jacosta tried to prevent such a tragic fate from occurring by trying to end Oedipus life, who was still a child at this time. However, unknown to them, the child was given to a shepherd and still ended up raised in kingly stature as a child of king Polybus, ruler of Corinth.But even in Corinth, a prophecy was spoken to him of the tragic fate that awaits him. Seeking to escape the prophe cy, Oedipus travels to the land of his birth, Thebes wherein he unknowingly fulfills what has been predicted of his destiny. Oedipus, as a tragic hero, does not full phase of the moony deserve his fate since he partly bore the consequences of his parents mistakes and actions. Right in front his birth, when the king and queen sought the advice of the Delphi Oracle, they were already forewarned not to bear children. Obviously, the advice was not heeded and the oracle was only remembered by king Laius when the child was born. A mistake was followed by another mistake, when the parents rejected the child and Oedipus was denied of his parents love and care (See Oedipus the King).Although he was of nobility, such circumstances somehow had set the wheels that led to his tragic end. Initially robbed of his kingly stature by birth, fate restored it to him. Upon ascending the throne, his stature began to blind Oedipus of the real state of his inner self. Instead of the pain within himself a nd his tragic past, Oedipus is self-deceived he covers the pain and inner suffering brought by the past by focusing only on external beauty. Since he was already blinded by his own self, he did not heed wise counsel.This time, Oedipus own foolishness led to his own downfall. His own narcissistic characteristic caused his poor judgment if he did not see himself as having superior tone than others, he would not have killed king Laius nor have accused Tiresias a liar. His own pride has already blinded him that prevented him of acknowledging the truth. However, Oedipus later saw the folly of his own actions and gained knowledge that life is more than just a result of fate (See Oedipus the King).III. ConclusionEach character of the Oedipus the King and the Hamlet show bang-up representation of different individuals on how they may react in times of difficulties. These play give us better understanding that half of this world struggles a lot in order to live and may do anything in order survive. As the saying goes survival of the fittest. During the great depression, many people are crying out because of starvation. During this time, the economy was shaky and the prices were all going up. Many individuals, especially the commoners, have the failure in how to cope up this circumstanceIn conclusion, the play tells us the reality of life. That life is full of struggle and everyone should do his part to overcome it. Oedipus the King and Hamlet are two different plays only showed reality about life. If we scrutinize the Oedipus, we can say that it is somewhat fictional however it sometimes happens in the rarest occasions unlike with Hamlet, this scenario is happening in day to day life and serves as an evidence that life is full of struggle and others do not know how to play it skillfully that is why they go fruity and unfulfilled.

Treatment for Juveniles Essay Example for Free

Treatment for juveniles EssayIntroduction. Juvenile offenders compose a considerable chunk of criminal offenders bound in various institutions all over the United States (Juvenile offenders, 2003). In fact, reports state that the reduce of juvenile offenders has come up over the past decade (Juvenile offenders, 2003). Two Corrections Compendium surveys conducted ten years apart show that the number of juvenile offenders increased by an average of 11.5 percent over the said period (Juvenile offenders, 2003). The closing of the determining age for persons to be classified as an adult or juvenile offender diverge from state to state (Juvenile offenders, 2003). An accused could execute a waiver to adult court, and the age limit for such(prenominal) a waiver similarly varies in different states (Juvenile offenders, 2003). For example, in Kansas, the age limit could go for as low as ten years of age, while Illinois has set the bar at seventeen snap (Juvenile offenders, 2003). C onsidering the rising number of juvenile offenders each year, there is likewise an ob practiced increase in the number of secure juvenile facilities in the country (Juvenile offenders, 2003). From 95 secure juvenile facilities in 1993, there atomic number 18 now 169 such facilities based on 22 U.S. reporting systems (Juvenile offenders, 2003).Characteristics of Good Juvenile Facilities. Good juvenile facilities offer various programs for juvenile offenders, including academic courses, mental health counseling, life skills training, vocational training, anger caution classes, substance abuse education, and religious programs (Juvenile offenders, 2003). There are also newly integrated programs designed to military service juvenile offenders reintegrate themselves in society, in order to allow them smoother transition from detention to the away world (Baltodano, Platt, Roberts, 2005). These programs include sexual health education, expressive art therapy, and restorative justice p ractices (Juvenile offenders, 2003).Issues in Juvenile Treatment. One vital issue in juvenile treatment concerns aftercare programs. Such programs are vital for they serve as the means by which the treated juvenile offender can slowly reintegrate themselves into the community. The native goal of aftercare programs is to, Reduce the likelihood of recidivism and to foster success in the community. (Baltodano et al, 2005) In Baltodano et al (2005), a weigh to determine the juveniles perception of aftercare programs. Particular focus was given on the effectiveness of the transition process as perceived by the youth themselves.Research Design and Data Analysis The Baltodano et al (2005) cultivation employ the survey as the primary data collection method. The survey involved 120 youth in a chosen urban county detention facility. The participants were asked what their opinions were on issues such as, The effectiveness of transition services, and characteristics of programs that they fe lt were beneficial. (Baltodano et al, 2005) The findings of the larn revealed that there were no significant relationships that existed between the number of clock of previous detention, the youths gender, excess education status, or the difficulty that the youth encountered with returning to school. Nevertheless, there was a significant finding in that the youths who anticipated being released and going home to family or relatives had a lower mean number of times of being detained again than those who find themselves in other situations upon release.Conclusion A review of the Baltodano et al (2005) study reveals the value of aftercare programs of juvenile detention centers. Based on the findings of the said study, it is deemed vital that carefully planned aftercare programs be implemented in juvenile detention centers. This go forth ensure that the youths will still be in good order monitored. Also, this will allow the youth to receive guidance as to how they can successfully r eintegrate themselves into the community. Finally, aftercare programs will help decrease the chances of the youth being detained again.ReferencesBaltodano, H. M., Platt, D. Roberts, C. W. (2005). Transition from Secure Care to the Community Significant Issues for young person in Detention. Journal of Correctional Education 56(4), p. 372-388.Juvenile offenders. (2003). Corrections Compendium 28(5), p. 9-15.Wilder, B. A., Riley III, F. E., Sorensen, L. H. (2004). Quality Improvement in Juvenile Corrections An Opportunity That Benefits Staff and Clients. Corrections Today 66(7), p. 122-127.

Art To Bring Us Closer To The Truth Philosophy Essay

invention To Bring Us Closer To The Truth Philosophy Es understandArt is a hypocrisy which brings us closer to the truth- Pablo PicassoEver since I can remember I have always loved art in iodin way or another. I remember, on numerous occasions, sit my father d protest at the kitc chick t adapted and begging him to draw me a family of horses, this consisted of mum and dad and babies ravel on behind trying to catch up. For a long time I practic on the wholey revere these pictures and let the horses run free in my imagination making them go on big adventures with cardinal another. As I got older the pictures stayed with me, precisely I grew out of the way they confronted. They no longer cave in out of the page and came to life they just did not look like sure as shooting horses any more. Life had disappeared from them.I suppose I fell into the trap in which many people fall into. This trap could be called ignorance. Many people believe that skill is the most important feat ure in a put up of art. They think that paintings or drawings that look- veridical must(prenominal) be the best because they have required the most attention from the artist. both(prenominal) people allege that these fixs are the true meaning of art. Of course this is some function to admire about a piece of work, but does this mean that paintings or drawings with fewer detail are less good? Who is to say that these exposit pictures are the truth? Who is to say what the truth is?In order to put this theory into practice I have taken dickens pieces of art work. Albrecht Durers Crab made in 1495 and Rembrandt van Rijns Two Studies of a Bird of Paradise.It is obvious how much detail and time Durers watercolour of the Crab has taken but who was to say that the birds are less good and required less skill? Rembrandts Birds do an incredible job of characterisation the texture and character of the Birds with merely a few simple lines. He grasps their curiousness and profound featur es of their faces along with the softness and majestic element of their bodies. The piece may not look as historicalistic but it portrays the birds characteristics much better, something which could be seen as portraying the true nature of the birds as opposed to a real life drawing.Another showcase of this are the Disney characters. Mickey Mouse looks nothing like a real mouse but the artist, Walt Disney, knew it would be better to distort or change the way the real thing looked. This could have been to make him seem more like a mouse because of his added characteristics and more pleasurable to retard for a younger audience. By making him less mousy he has made him even more mouse-like. Even though Mickeys appearance is unlike a real mouse at all, a spin of the truth, you do not see people complaining about it. This is because when watching a film or studying this particular art, people are not worried about art as a work or piece, only a source of entertainment or pleasure. Th is could also be because Walt Disney is a respected and admired man who is seen as a classical artist whose work has been carried on for generations.Yet, if a modern artist were to draw something in his own personal way, just like Walt Disney once did, he would most likely be frowned upon and thought untalented. This leads us onto another piece.Pablo Picassos work of a hen and her chicks is an interlingual rendition of a mothers caring nature towards her infantren. They way her body is bent towards them and her soft gaze shows that she is focused simply on her chicks and their wellbeing. It very is a work that many people would find hard to criticise. However, when Picasso created his piece Cockerel he was not satisfied with giving a life-like aspect to the picture as he had done with the hen and her chicks piece. Instead, he wanted to grasp the birds belligerent and foolish nature.Picasso has taken a cockerel and changed it into something even more chickeny than the real thing. All of the cockerels characteristics are portrayed in the piece so that the onlooker can almost see, touch, describe and feel what the bird would be like in real life. This is where the statement Art is a lie which brings us closer to truth comes into account. The piece Cockerel is a lie because of its distortion of nature, it looks nothing like what a real cockerel looks like. However, it brings us closer to truth, closer to what a real cockerel behaves and acts like by its exaggerated features and comedic charms. In this work we can almost hear exactly what the bird would sound like, when interpreting the piece one would suggest his voice would be loud, frantic and desperate. This is due to his bulging eyes, elongated neck, his mouth opened to a massive size and his small sharp tongue sticking out. The birds franticness and clumsiness is suggested from his outstretched wings and bowed feet. His toes suggest a thought of scratching around and quick movement showing that he is al l over the place. From Picasso portraying the cockerel to be like this, we can see the cockerel to be more like a real cockerel than if Picasso just drew one from life.We humans have a habit suggesting that nature must always look like what is con attitudered, by us, to be normal in paintings. It must always look like what we are used to in our eachday life we are almost forced from a very young age only to accept plain and predictable habituss and colours as the mitigate ones. An example of this is how we draw when we are younger. We are led to believe that a tree has one crowing straight trunk and a round bushy ball of leaves stuck on the top. We all know that no real tree looks like this, but if it were drawn any incompatible, it would be thought unusual. Another example is how children perceive stars. Stars are not star- determine at all as believed but every child will draw a star like this. This is also when art is a lie which brings us closer to the truth comes into acco unt as well. Even though a star is not shaped like this, it still gives a clear outline that the small star gives off light the stars hands acting like rays of light being given off. Although this exaggeration is not necessarily a deplorable thing, it would be better if everyone disconnected themselves from this trap and we look at things afresh, without interference.In fact, many artists are able to disconnect themselves from this and look at the world and the natural surroundings as if they have never seen them before. This marrow that they would be seeing everything for the first time. Who is to say that the sky is blue and clouds are white? In fact, we would belike find things in the most astonishing colours and forms. If every person was to think like this and every artist was not persuaded or affected by society, art would never be considered a lie. For me, a lie can be different for each individual person, we as humans have created lies. A lie is seen as something which i s not the truth, not normal. Therefore, a piece of art which does not portray the normalcy of the world is therefore considered a lie. Yet, if there was no such thing as normality, there would never be such thing as a lie. Then we come back to the question who is to say what the truth is, and what a lie is? I suppose the answer to this question is everyone. We all have different opinions on what is the truth and what is not, but if we all look at things outside of the box and with open eyes, sure we will be able to accept completely different things to what we are used to, to be normal.To conclude, I believe that skill is not the most important aspect in a painting or drawing. If an artist portrays what he or she wants to portray, it cannot be considered a lie. Furthermore, a lie is something which changes according to each individual. near may believe something to be the truth, while others may believe it is not. No one really knows for sure what is the correct way of drawing or painting a certain object or form. And if they asseverate that they do and state that people draw it wrongly because it is not like that in normality, it just delegacy that they have been persuaded by society and the people around them, as well as the banality of our own sense perception. An example of this is how children draw hearts in heart-shaped form. Hearts are not really shaped like this at all, but it is how everyone knows a heart to be drawn and is not considered a lie, yet it brings us closer to the truth by showing us that a heart has two sides a left and a right side. This leads to biological explanation of what each side does, the right side pumps blood to the lungs to be oxygenised and the left side pumps the oxygenated blood all around the body. The fact that the heart shape shows a left and right side would not be evident if it was just drawn as an oval-like shape. This is how art can bring us closer to the truth even if it is a lie.TOK ESSAYArt is a lie which brin gs us nearer to the truth (Pablo Picasso). Evaluate this claim in relation to a specific art form (for example visual arts, literature, theatre).Alice ElphinstoneCentre number 002351Candidate Number 026 pronounce Count 1668

Equilibrium Level Of National Income In The Keynesian Cross Model Economics Essay

Equilibrium Level Of National Income In The Keynesian Cross Model political economy EssayNational income is defined as the enthronements and savings in a countrys economy. Keynesian beat archetype shows the formula for chemical equilibrium national income as Y= C +I+ G+ (X-M) where Y is the national income, C is mix consumption, I is aggregate investment, G is government pass, X is exports and M is imports. The aggregate entreat is an upward curve since it is mistaken consumers motive more when their disposable income is high. There is a irresponsible family between disposable income and consumption and in that locationfore it is true to argue that demand will always augment with increase in disposable income. Aggregate demand also increases as investment increases but is negatively affected if it happens that imports and taxes increase due to rise in investment since they negatively affect the investment level.The equilibrium level is at the point where AD, get along demand, is equal to Y, national output. At this point, total supply equals total demand. The major factor wind to a movement towards the equilibrium points is inventory changes as a declaration of changes in income and production- if it happens that the current output is more than the equilibrium level, inventories will accumulate controling to a let down down in production and thus a downward move towards the equilibrium. On the other hand, with a production level below the equilibrium, there is short of inventories and thus businesses will produce more leading to an upward move towards the equilibrium.If there is a rise in any of the aggregate demand components, C, Ip, G or NX, the demand curve shifts upward. The rises in these components screwing be as a result of increases in production because of increased optimism about the profitability in the future. This increase will lead to an increase in the equilibrium levels. Similarly, with a decrease in any of the demand compo nents, the demand curve shifts downwards and leads to a decrease in the equilibrium levels.Keynes effect assumes that quantity demanded increases with decrease in price and vice versa. With unending nominal money supply, decreasing price implies lower interest rates and thus higher spending. The major emphasis in this model is that a decrease in aggregate demand can lead to a stable equilibrium with substantial unemployment. Full employment is argued to be arrived at when there be adjustments in the aggregate demand.The equilibrium national income (Y) is as shown in the figure below. At Y, the desired spending curve intersects the total income curve AD=Y.Aggregate demandADNational incomeYYKeynesian cross model has a number of limitations. The first one is the fact that non on the whole of gross private domestic investment counts as part of aggregate demand (Dolan Lindsey, 1994, p.139). This means that the aggregate demand is undervalued since some investments, which need increa se aggregate demand is left out. It is expect that most of the investment is as a result of general over-production or un think inventory accumulation and thus there is always a decrease in national income whenever there is unplanned inventory accumulation. This implies that only the planned investment is included in the aggregate demand.Another limitation is that unlike all other demand curves, which atomic number 18 downward sloping, the aggregate demand curve in this case is upward sloping since it is assumed that an increase in national income or output will lead to increased disposable income and thus increased demand. The last limitation is the fact that the national output curve needs to be perpendicular than the aggregate demand curve for the two to intersect. This implies that it is assumed that the aggregate demand curve has a positive vertical intercept so as to cross Y curve.In Keynesian cross theory, it is assumed that an economy does not necessary need to have full employment for it to be stable. As it is advocated in classical theories that there should be full employment in the economy to prevent recessions and inflation, Keynes argues that an economy can be stable only when there is adjustment in the aggregate demand. This way, equilibrium aggregate income does not necessary mean full employment. J. M. Keynes supports this argument by stating that,Most, probably, of our decisions to do something positive, the full consequences of which will be bony out over many days to come, can only be taken as a result of animal spiritsof a spontaneous urge to action rather than inaction, and not as the result of a weighted average of quantitative benefits multiplied by quantitative probabilitiesif the animal spirits are dimmed and the spontaneous optimism falters enterprise will fade and die (Heijdra, 2009, p.25).It should be noted that although Keynesian cross model is simple and easy to understand, its limitations make it unreliable. Its demand curv e contradicts with all the other theories.

Edible History Of Humanity By Tom Standage History Essay

Edible History Of Hu earthity By Tom Standage History EssayBook report on an edible history of humanity by Tom Standage. Tom Standages book regarding edible history of humanity gives us numerous pictures of looking at the past. The book approaches history in a different way altogether as a rate of changes caused, influenced or enabled by forage. Throughout history, nutrition has not that provided sustenance but has as well as acted as the catalyst of societal organization, social change, economic expansion, military conflict, geopolitical competition and industrial development. Since the time of prehistoric culture to present, the stories of these changes form a story that encompasses the entire human history.The solid foods first transformative role was the basis for entire civilizations. The fetching in of agriculture enabled new settled lifestyle and put mankind on the path to the red-brick solid ground. However, the staple crops that aided the first civilizations hardly and the wheat in the near east, rice and millet in Russia, potatoes and corn whiskey in America were not simply revealed by chance. Instead, they came out through a multifaceted work out of co-evolution because preferred traits were chosen and propagated by the early farmers. These crops are in effect, development intentionally cultivated technologies that existed only as a result of human intervention. Adoption of agriculture as a story is the biography of how early genetic engineers came up with powerful and new tools that made progress itself possible. In the process man changed plants and eventually the same plants in turn transformed people.By offering the platform through which civilizations could be founded, food then acted as a social organization tool, helping to structure and shape conglomerate societies that came up later. The religious, political and economic structures of the early society, right from hunter-gatherers to the very first civilizations were based on s ystems of food production and allocation. The production of agricultural food surpluses as well as the coming up of irrigation systems and communal food storage fostered political centralization with agricultural fertility rituals developing into state moralitys and food fit a medium of taxation and payment feasts were used in garnering influence and show status food handouts were used in defining and refining power structures. Allover the ancient innovation before bullion was invented, food was a sign of wealth and ability to control food was power.With the emergence of civilizations in confused parts of the world, food aided to connect them together. fodder-trade routes acted as inter-boundary communication networks that improved not just commercial-grade exchange but religious and cultural exchange as well. Spice routes that spanned the ancient world resulted in cross cultural fertilization in fields which were diverse just like the field of architecture, religion and scie nce. The first geographers began to take interest in people and customs from far places and compiled the first efforts at world maps. By far the biggest change caused by food trade was as a result of European need to avoid the Arab spice domination. The result of this was the revelation of a new world, establishment of first colonial outposts by the European nations and opening of maritime trade routes amid Asia, Europe and America.As European nations move to build global empires, the next big shift in human history was aided by food, a flow in economic development during industrial enterprise. Potatoes and sugar just like the steam engine underpinned the process of industrial revolution. Sugar production on plantation on the West Indies was considered the first precedent of the industrial process that mainly relied on slave labor. Meanwhile potatoes overcame the first suspicion among the European as a staple food that yielded more calories than cereals from a given area of lan d. Together, potatoes and sugar offered cheap sustenainace for the workers who worked in new factories in the industrial era. In Britain for instance where the process first started, the upsetting question whether the upcoming of the country lies in industry or agriculture was decisively and unexpectedly resolved by the Irish potato famine of the mid 19th century.Using food as war weapon is endless however large scale military wars of the 18th and 19th centuries elevated it to a new level. Food played a vital role in determining the consequences of the two conflicts that defined the USA, revolutionary war of 18th and 19th centuries as well as the civil war of 1860s. Meanwhile, the rise and fall of short sleep closely connected his capacity to feed his large population of armies. The 20th century mechanization of warfare gave the impression that for the first time in history, supply machines with ammunition and fuel became an important factor than feeding soldiers. However, food took a new twist, as an ideological weapon during the era of cold war between communism and capitalism, and finally helped to determine the result of the conflict. In the modern society food has become a battle filed for other issues, including globalization, development and trade.During the twentieth century the application of industrial and scientific to agriculture brought to the highest degree dramatic increase in food supply and the corresponding increase in the world population. The dark-green revolution led to social as well as environmental problems. However, without it there would have been a lot of famine in much of the developing world in 1970s. By making veritable that food supply grows rapidly than the population, the green revolution opened the way for the amazingly rapid industrialization in Asia as the century came to an end. Because people in industrial societies consider having a smaller frame of children compared to those in the agricultural societies, this i n turn the peak of the human population near the end of the twenty-first century is now on sight.The tales of many personal foodstuffs, traditions and food related customs and the coming up of a particular nation cuisines, have already been narrated. Less focus has been given to the question of foods world-historical significance. This tariff does not assert that any single has the key to understanding history nor does it try to give a brief account of the whole history of food or the whole worlds history. It rather draws on a range of disciplines that include genetics, anthropology, genetics, economics, ethno botany and archaeology. It focuses especially on intersections between world history food histories. postulation a simple question which foods have offered the most in terms of shaping the modern world and in which way? By taking a long term historical dimension also gives a new way to shed light on modern debates about food, like the line of merchandise surrounding the gen etically modified organisms. The link between poverty and food, coming up of local food movements, use of plants to make biofuels, effectiveness of food as a tool of mobilizing political support for a number of causes, and the widely accepted way of reducing the environmental impact of modern agricultural methods.

Chemical Synthesis and Analysis of Seaweed

Chemical Synthesis and Analysis of SeaweedChapter 1 books review2015IntroductionMarine-microalgae be normally termed as seaweed belonging to the unmannered family of non-f impressionering plant known as thallophyta ( design 1). The sea plant lacks the leaves, stem and root of true plants. The body of the seaweed is called the thallus named after the thallophyta. The flattened leaf portion of the microalgae is called the make and its function is to increase the photosynthesizing surface atomic number 18a.Seaweeds are attached to the bottom by a root-like organise called a holdfast. Seaweeds are autotrophic which grows in the intertidal and sub-tidal region of the sea. Seaweeds grow abundantly where rocks and coral are present as substratum (Marine Fisheries information Services October-November 1998 Kaliaperumal et al., 2004).Figure 1 Shows the general twist of seaweed ( Thallophyta)( Reproduced from http//dtc.pima.edu/blc/183/03_183/03_183answers.html).Seaweed may be classifi ed into two categories namely phaephyceae (Brown) and Rhodophyceae (Red). Seaweeds carry varied types of phycolloids such as alginate, carrageenan, agarose and agar agar.Seaweed is mainly utilize in Asia as food, fodders, fertilizer and to a fault as drugs in the pharmaceutical intentness for its therapeutics properties (Marine Fisheries information Services, October-November, 1998).1.1 Brown seaweed (Phaephyceae)Brown seaweed is assemble in the family of seaweed which is called the phaephyceae. The brown seaweed motif varies according to the species, through out(a) the year and between diametrical habitats.Brown seaweed is sedate mainly of carbohydrate such as alginate, laminaran, mannitol, fucoidan and small traces of cellulose as shown in Table 1. (Fasahati et al., 2012)Table1. Brown seaweed compositionComponentBase design dry out weight (%)Used in simulationdry weight (%) alter23.6325.48Algin27.7827.78Laminaran16.6718.52Mannitol14.8114.81Fucoidan3.7Cellulose6.6Protein7. 417.411.2 AlginateAlginate is a major structural biopolymer found in cell wall and intercellular matrix which provides mechanical strength in brown seaweed. Seaweeds containing alginate are called alginophyte (Yabur et al., 2006). In the natural environment, alginate exists as a compartmentalization of potassium, calcium and atomic number 11 salt (Gomez et al., 2009).1.2.1 Structure of alginateThe structure differs from species, age and from unalike part of seaweed. Alginate consists of two monomers and is linked to to each one other alternately in a linear form. The monomers are namely -D-Mannuronate and -L-Guluronate in Fig 2(B) and 2(D) respectively. The dot form of mannuronate and guluronate, is mannuronic window glass and guluronic blistery (Fig 2(C)) respectively. Figure 2(A) depicts the structure of atomic number 11 alginate in a linear form.Alginate is the salt of alginic deadly and its simplest formula is NaC6H7O6 in Fig 2(A) (Mahmood et al., 2009).. 2(A) 2(B) 2( C) 2(D)Figure 2 Repeat unit of (A) Sodium alginate (B) guluronate, (C) guluronic acid and (D) mannuronate (Falkeborg et al., 2014)The monomers are linked through carbon 1 and 4 and have sequences forming thwarts of MM(Fig 3(A)), GG(Fig 3(A)) or GM blocks in Fig 3(A) (Arzate-Vzquez et al., 2012, Morais et al., 2013). Mannuronates and guluronates both have carboxylic root word on the carbon 5 of their respective structures (Falkeborg et al., 2014). (A)G G M M (B)G G M M GMMMMGGGGGGGMGMGMGMGMMMMG (C) MM blocks GG blocks MG blocks MM blocksFigure 3 (A) Alginate structure with G and M take over units, (B) showing the repeat of G and M joined together (C) block fractions of alginate polymer (Yuemei Lin et al., 2010)1.3 Species of brown seaweedsAlginate are commercially manufactured mainly from genus Laminaria hyperborea, Macrocystis pyrifera, Laminaria digitata, Ascophyllumnodosum, Laminaria japonica, Eclonia maxima, Lessonia nigrescens, Durvillea Antarctica, Turbinaria conoides, Turbi anria ornata and Turbinaria decurrens, Sargassum, Turbinaria ,Hormophysa, Cystoseira and Sargassum sp (Bertagnolli et al.,2014 Chennubhotla et al., 2013 Kaliaperumal et al., 1974).1.4 Extraction of alginateGomez et al., (2009) described the pre-treatment and the lineage of alginate from brown seaweed. The seaweed was number 1-pitched and was added to urine to moisten the latter. 0.1 N Hydrochloric acid was added to the sample and the solution was affected in order to reach a pH value of 4. This fulfill was continued for 15 min at style temperature and the supernatant was eliminated. The pre-treatment was carried out three times for each sample using 0.1 N Hydrochloric acid.The extraction was followed by the extension of the pre-treated solution to a beaker with 1 N sodium carbonate (pH of solution 10). The mixture was displace mechanically for a stop of 2 instants at a temperature of 60 oC. To the extracted solution a atomic number 14 based rock was added and was stirred f or 15 minutes. The mixture was and then centrifuged to amaze the sodium alginate supernatant.Sodium alginate can be purified using three opposite routes namely (i) Ethanol route, (ii) Hydrochloric acid route and (iii) Calcium chloride route as summarised in scheme 1.(i) Ethanol pathwayThe ethanol pathway was performed by the direct precipitation of sodium alginate using ethanol. The precipitate was washed then with ethanol under soxhlet condition for 100 hours to obtain the pure biopolymer which was dried-out under vacuum.(ii) Alginic pathwayThe extract alginate was mixed up with 1 N of HCl at room temperature under constant stirring for 1 hour at a pH of 1. To obtain the alginic acid, the mixture was separated by centrifugation by adding peeing and 1 N sodium carbonate. The mixture was left wing at room temperature under stirring for 1 hour in order to obtain the soluble form of sodium alginate. The polymer was precipitated by the addition of 11 volume ratio of ethanol by the mode described in the ethanol pathway.(iii) Calcium chloride pathwayTo the extract of sodium alginate, 1 M calcium chloride was added and the precipitate was thoroughly washed with distilled water using a soxhlet for 64 hours. The mixture was agitated at room temperature and distilled water was then added followed by the addition of 1 N Hydrochloric acid until a pH 2 was reached. The alginic acid which is insoluble was separated from the supernatant by centrifugation and the insoluble alginic acid was washed with 0.05 N HCl and the solution were stirred at room temperature. The precipitation of alginate was obtained by the addition of Na2CO3 to obtain sodium alginate. The purified alginate was collected by the soxhlet as discussed in the ethanol pathway. design1. Extraction of alginate (Gomez et al., 2009)1.5 slacken off of alginateThe yield of alginate is being affected by different factors such as the species, age, period of harvest, temperature of extraction, extracted with e ither alkali or acid and on the national of alginate in brown seaweed in like manner the size of alginate too affects the yield.(Fertah et al., 2014)Seaweeds that are freehanded in summertime show a disgrace content of alginate in the branches and stems (15.1 %) and no trace of alginate in the receptacles (Bertagnolli et al., 2014).Sample SS size is 1mm and BS for 1mmoC (51.8 for SS and 44.01for BS) however an increase in temperature proved to have a drastic mitigate in the yield shown in hedge 2 (Fertah et al., 2014). Table 2. defer of alginate at different size sample and temperatureSize1mmTemperature /o C254060254060 number/%38.3351.843.235.2844.0140.2There are up to 40% of alginate content in brown seaweed and the content of alginate depending species of brown algae can vary from 10 to 25% (Yabur et al., 2006).The period of collected of seaweed Sargassum filipendula have different yield of alginate. During fall, ring and summer the yield are 17.0 0.1 %, 17.20.3 % and 1 5.1 0.1 % respectively. The yield is lower in summer than spring and fall beca employment summer algae have lower receptacle and branches which are characteristic in their re harvest-feastive period. (Bertagnolli et al., 2015).The yield of alginate is also affected to different species of Sargassum shown in table 3. The highest yield is from S.vulgare is 30.2 % and the lowest S.dentifulum is 3.3 %.Table 3 Yield % of alginate from different species of SargassumSpecies of seaweed% YieldS.vulgare30.2S.polycystum17.1-27.6S.dentifilium3.3S.latifilium17.7S.asperifolium12.4S.oligocystum16.3-20.5S.fuiltans21.1-24.5S.filipendula15.1-17.21.6 Biosynthesis of alginateThe proposed biosynthesis of alginic acid in Fucus gardineri in the presence of bacteria Pseudomonas is shown in Scheme 2 (Lin and Hassid 1966).Mannose 1-phosphate reacts with GTP/ H+ in the presence of mannose 1-phosphate guanyl transferase to produce GDP--D-mannose and the by product is diphosphate. GDP--D-mannose in the presence of enzyme GDP-mannose dehydrogenase react with water and NAD+ giving GDP-Mannuronate and lastly reacting with GDP/H+ to give alginate.Scheme 2 Biosynthesis of alginate in brown seaweed Fucus gardineri and bacteria (Lin and Hassid 1966)1.7 Characterisation of alginateExtracted alginate may be characterised using a variety of techniques such as 1H-NMR, FT-IR, SEC, DSC, CHNS elemental analysis and viscosity.1.7.1 1H-NMR1H-NMR spectroscopy is apply to determine the main structural pattern and composition of alginate. Structures of alginate are chiefly constituted of homopolymeric blocks i.e M and G blocks that can be separated by heteropolymeric of MG blocks. The M/G ratio has a strong establish on the physical properties of alginate.Figure 41H-NMR Spectra for solution of alginate form S. vulgare in D2O (a) SVLV (S.vulgare low viscosity) and (b) SVHV (S.vulgare High viscosity) (Torres et al., 2007)Figure 4 (a) and (b) show the 1H-NMR spectra of alginate extracted from SLHV and SLHV respectively. Peak I (5.06 ppm) was attributed to anomeric proton (G-1) guluronic acid, peak II (4.7 ppm) show the anomeric proton (M-1) of mannuronic acid and the C-5 alternating blocks (GM-5) which is overlapping each other at this peak and peak III (4.4 ppm) is for the anomeric peak of guluronic acid H-5 (G-5) (Torres et al., 2007).1.7.2 FT-IR analysisFT-IR spectroscopy is used to determine the functional groups present in the structure of alginate. The FT-IR spectra of the extracted alginate from brown seaweed Turbinaria ornata is given in (figure 5). The bands which is around 800 cm-1 corresponds to the C-H which is out glance over of the aromatic ring. The peak near 1040 cm-1 is due to the stretching vibrations of C-O bond. The bands at 1230 and 1600 cm-1 like to C-N stretching and N-H bending vibration respectively show the presence of acyclic amine. The O-H alcoholic groups shows stretching vibrations band at around 3400 cm-1 and C=O stretching vibrations due to the carbo xylic acids group present in the structure (Gowtham Sriram et al., 2014).Figure 5 FT-IR spectra of Turbinaria ornata seaweed (Gowtham Sriram et al., 2014)1.7.3 CHNS elemental analysisTable 4 shows the lead for elemental analysis for SVHV and SVLV and both sample proved to have exchangeable results. The nitrogen content is due to the protein found in the seaweed. The % C are 27.7 and 28.1, %H are 5.15 and 4.4 for SVLV and SVHV respectively. The %N (nitrogen) is due to the presence of protein which contains amine groups in seaweed. % S are zero for both SVLV and SVHV(Torres at al., 2007)Table 4 Analytical data of Sargassum Vulgare alginateAnalytical parameter (m/m %)SVLV(S.Vulgare low viscositySVHV(S.Vulgare high viscosityH5.154.49C27.728.1N0.1780.164S001.7.4. Viscosity indispensable viscosity is the measurement of hydrodynamic volume occupied by complex molecule at measureless dilution in specific responses at a given temperature. The innate viscosity depends on the molar mass (Mv), composition and the sequences of M and G residues. indwelling viscosity is represented as comparison 1 = sp/C comparability (1)Where sp is specific viscosity and sp/C is reduced viscosityAnother equating of reduced viscosity is defined asred = compare (2)the intrinsic viscosity was found by the classical method of a plotting solid line graph according to the Huggins Equation (3) to which y-intercept is obtained.red = + kH2 C Equation (3)Graph of reduced viscosity versus alginate concentration for SVLV and SVHV sample shown in figure 6 (Torres et al., 2007). Figure 6 Specific viscosity of SVLV (S.Vulgare low viscosity) and SVHV(S.vulgare high viscosity)The viscosities were performed in 0.1 N NaCl at 25 oC for both SVLV and SVHV. integral viscosites are 6.9 and 4.14 g/dL for SVLV and SVHV respectively (Torres et al., 2007).Table 5 shows different for different species of brown seaweed. High vis The intrinsic viscosities of S.Vulgare algiante ranges from (2.5-15.4) g/dL cosity was found SVLV due to high content of MM blocks. Table 5 Intrinsic viscosity and average molar masses of alginates from different sources(Torres et al., 2007)Alginate source (dL/g)Mwa cv (g/mol)L. hyperborean6.43.05F. vesiculosus2.51.17A. nodosum2.81.32L. japonica15.47.44S. fluitans6.303.00S. dentifolium12.66.06S. asperifolium15.27.34S. latifolium8.74.16S. vulgare This study4.11.94LV (low viscosity )HV (high viscosity)6.93.301.7.4.1. molar(a) massMolar mass (Mv) is determined by using the Mark-Houwink equation (4), = k Mva - Equation (4)where k and a are empirical coefficients that are dependent on the polymer and the solvent-temperature system used.As for alginate, a value ranges from 0.73 to 1.31 can be acquired depending on the composition of alginate and ionic strength. G-rich alginate has higher a values while lower a values are observed in M-rich alginate which is flexible in natureProposed empirical relations for and the weight-average molar mass (Mw) for SVHV and SVLV was computed using equation 4 and the result shown in table 3 = 0.023 Mw 0.984 - Equation 4where is given in dL/g and M in kDaltons.The a value used is 0.984 which is different on at specific solvent used. Average molar mass for SVHV was higher than SVLV and similar values to S.fluitans. SVLV has a lower value than other Sargassum species reported in table 5 (Torres et al., 2007).1.8 Uses of alginateAlginate has many areas of application. For example in food industry and is use to stabilise mixture dispersion and emulsion which increase the viscosity of the gelatine and forms gel such as jam and jellies. Alginate gel films are also utilized in the food industry as edible films on fruits and vegetables and as coatings designed to improve stored meat quality, industrial and pharmaceutics because the water in alginate has the ability to hold and form gel, to form and stabilise emulsion, fabric industry, rubber adhesive paper products, cosmetics and in dental mould (Chennubhotl a et al., 2013 Crossingham et al., 2014).Alginate also protects against carcinogenic substances, it clears the digestive system and protects the membrane of the stomach and intestine. Alginate is used in the manufacturing of soft capsules and is consumed as beverage for lowering blood sugar level. Alginate is used in the textile industry as an additive for textile and has also been investigated recently in the composition in vaginal film venereal infection in pharmaceutical industries and alginate is also used in wound dressings (Paul et al., 2004).