Othello the Manipulator Essay Example for Free

Othello the Manipulator Essay Shakespeare’s Othello: Iago, the Master Manipulator William Shakespeare’s â€Å"Othello† is a play consumed with deception, jealousy, and revenge, mainly caused by a powerful â€Å"villain† named Iago (1. 1. 28). Although Iago presents himself as everyone’s honest friend, he is always trying to manipulate and deceive them, as shown in his words â€Å"Whip me such honest knaves† (1. 1. 50). This heartless character even manipulates everyone around him including his companions Cassio, Rodrigo, and the Moor, Othello intending to gain power. His actions create a massive amount of jealousy and rage. All of this revenge and manipulation first forms when Cassio is chosen for the position as Othello’s Lieutenant, a job which Iago wanted desperately. This sends Iago into a rage motivated by his hunger for power. His revenge towards Cassio first begins at a celebration when Iago pressures him into having one drink after another knowing Cassio has a low tolerance with alcohol. Under pressure, Cassio argues, â€Å"Not tonight, good Iago: I have very poor and unhappy brains for drinking: I could well wish courtesy would invent some other custom of entertainment† (2. . 1164-1167). Iago’s perfects his manipulation by taking advantage of other’s weaknesses. Iago manipulates both Cassio and Rodrigo into fighting each other which results in Othello taking away Cassio’s title as Lieutenant. Using Cassio’s statement, †She’s a most exquisite lady† Iago is able to use this to conjure a second mastermind plan to have Cassio’s rep utation ruined by convincing Othello that Cassio and Desdemona are having an affair (2. 2. 1152). Although Iago seeks revenge from Cassio for gaining Iago’s desired position as Lieutenant, his main interest of destruction is the Moor Othello, which is the masterpiece of Iago’s many manipulative plots. Iago uses Othello’s beloved wife, Desdemona, to take advantage of Othello’s weakness. Iago implies, â€Å"Cassio my lord? No, sure, I cannot think it; That he would steal away so guilty-like, Seeing your coming† (3. 3. 1668-70). Iago’s coy assumption of Cassio overcomes Othello, making Othello think Iago is an honest friend he can trust. This gained trust makes Iago’s plans of destruction much easier to accomplish. Iago, also, makes Othello overhear a conversation between Iago and Cassio, which he believes he is about Desdemona, when in fact their conversation is about Cassio’s prostitute Bianca. As the two men laugh and tell sexual stories, Othello goes into a jealous rage, at the thought of Cassio having these relations with Desdemona. Iago multiplies Othello’s rage as he talks about the situation, â€Å"Did you perceive how he laughed at his vice? † (4. . 2602). He convinces Emilia to take Desdemona’s handkerchief, which was Othello’s first significant gift to her. Iago sets the situation up so that the sacred handkerchief will be found in Cassio’s room, and later is given to Cassio by Bianca in front of Othello. As Iago pumps more deceitful lies of Cassio and Desdemona’s affair into Othello’s head, Iago says, â€Å"And did you see the handkerchief? à ¢â‚¬ ¦and to see how he prizes the foolish woman your wife! She gave it him, and he hath given it his whore† (4. 1. 2604-08). Othello, having seen this will have all the evidence he needs to suspect Cassio of the affair. Iago then manipulates Othello into killing his loyal wife by suggesting, â€Å"Do it not with poison, strangle her in her bed, even the bed she hath contaminated† (4. 2. 2638-39). Iago’s over whelming hunger for power is also shown though his best companion, Rodrigo, whom is also in love with Desdemona. Discovering that Desdemona and Othello are married, frantic Rodrigo confides in Iago and asks, â€Å"What should I do? I confess it is my shame to be so fond; but it is not in my virtue to amend it† (1. . 673-676). As a master of deception, Iago proves to Rodrigo that Desdemona’s heart will be easily won by his lavish expensive gifts. With Rodrigo’s excessive amount of savings, Iago purchases these gifts that are intentionally for Desdemona and sells them for his profit. Secondly, Iago convinces Rodrigo into thinking that Cassio and Emilia are having an aff air. Iago manipulates Rodrigo into fighting Cassio at the celebration. Iago persuades Rodrigo by saying, Watch you to-night; for the command, I’ll lay’t upon you. Cassio knows you not. I’ll not be far from you: do you find some occasion to anger Cassio, either by speaking too loud, or tainting his discipline; or from what other course you please, which the time shall more favorable minister (2. 1. 1064-70) In conclusion, Iago’s deception and manipulation plan to gain power completely fails as everything falls to pieces. When Iago’s wife, Emilia, reveals Desdemona’s loyalty to Othello and all of Iago’s lies, it is far too late. After Othello murders his wife, he finds out all of Iago’s â€Å"honest words† were all lies and catches Iago in the act. In the final scene, Iago says, â€Å"Demand me nothing: what you know, you know: from this time forth I never will speak word† (5. 2. 3665-66). In the end, Iago manipulated everyone around him so he could gain personal power. However, his selfish goal of power is never reached and nothing is gained from Iago’s manipulative actions. Iago’s excessive lies and actions show that he is the main cause for so many problems containing deception, jealousy, rage, and revenge. Work Cited Shakespeare, William. The Tragedy of Othello, the Moor of Venice. The Norton Shakespeare: Tragedies. 2nd ed. Ed. Stephen Greenblatt. New York: W. W. Norton, 2008, 425-507.

Design of Internet Service Application on WAP Device

Design of Internet Service Application on WAP Device Abstract The ultimate aim of our project is to provide the design and development for an reliable internet service application which workable on the WAP enabled wireless handheld devices like mobile phone ,PDA(personal digital assistant) but mobile phone will focused mainly on this. To design a WAP application that will be usable by stock market user to receive and check related information like up-to-date stock value , stock quotes, as well as price detailed, trading status in the service directly from their mobile devices. This project concern the developing, testing of a WAP based system for wireless handhelds devices like mobile phone to help the stock market user while on the move for instance the user can access to internet even when they travelling from geographical location to another . the idea of this application is to consider one that in principle not only delivering that data which involves in stock market updates and reliable and securely but one will be rapidly aware the user about the market changes in real time without even in the whilst in office or home , whilst we travelling , to the demand form of communication specially whilst o the move The Stock Market system will be based on WAP architecture for mobile devices. This project will demonstrate how practical and possible will it be to use a mobile internet on the mobile phone to check the stock market value for a particular company whilst on the move. the user can have access to know the current price of the stock and it latest information At click of the button without physically present in front of the stock market office or by watching Television at the someplace. The whole project framework is aim on to Create a WAP application which based on a server side application which could be the company to join a venture with the users to input the data to form a given result. And it important to aware of the modern days application are adapted by the user to improve their capabilities. According to the research board of project believe that the user application projects are lead to failure if it not fully obtain the user demands and requirement for particular needs.The possibly good market for such system will be investigated into further develop to refine a set of clients requirement . there will be a good response for such an application in the market which intended on user who has invested a solid amount in bonds , shares and gilts , and these are all designed to make life easier in such a way it enable the use to make decision at particular time to sell and buy stock such time . 1. Introduction 1.1 Brief Stocks are considered riskier investments ,the value of a stock could at peak and drop down on the rate of the share by every time ,it completely depends on the situation of economy .for instance I am a stockholder having 500 share on a private company. Currently the value of my share is at good rate,and if I want to know what is market value of share with other company .Likewise most of the stock market holder are keen to know the latest information in real time .However it is only possible when the share holder are have a chance to watching news or log on a computer that they would be aware of the situation. Nowadays, most people on the move have at least one mobile device, a mobile phone or a PDA .so why not provide the stock market information as soon as possible directly on these mobile phones?.It can be either on a push basis or pull basis .push basis a like a push message it automatically send the latest information to the user whoever subscribe to the push service , in other hand pull message where the user have to send a request first to get the required response. Most of the people nowadays having mobile phone along them and from which would the user also can access to the internet and other communication uses. Currently the mobile phones are very cheaper and popular in the market when we comparing with other kinds of electronic device However the mobile based stock market tracking system will allows the user to check the latest information of the stock value in the market. There is good market scope for mobile communication due the feasibility and support of the communication at time . and other important of mobile internet is that a user can to be in up-to-date information on necessary thinks needed like weather , flash NEWS, email etc . this would be a viable alternative from traditional fixed internet for PCs and implementation of the mobile internet which is very convenience for us. Like Benjamin Franklin so rightly said, Forewarned is forearmed. So, on consumers point of view, yes, there is a potential need for this application. Moreover, most mobile phone network providers nowadays offer certain amount of free internet browsing on their mobile handsets each month. Users would prefer to use their free offer to check for stock information rather than dialling or texting a phone number, which are usually charged at premium rate, to get that same information. In terms of benefits for the stock exchange company, this will be an improvement of their customer service and keeping up-to-date with new technology. Staffs involved with providing information over the phone for those travellers who still feel at ease with that means, will be able to provide a better quality of service as he or she would not be under so much pressure of dealing with all the calls waiting in the queue. Moreover, staffs at the will fewer enquiries to deal with as commuters will be informed wel l in advance. As author Ben Salter and Alex Michael mentioned .thirteen per cent of mobile subscribes reported accessing news and information via a mobile browser in June 2004. [ REF 1 ] The both author believe that current number of user accessing the mobile internet to browser will increases in feature 1.2 Relevance to course Modules The product based project are really challengeable to undertake but these are possible and manageable from the modules taught over the degree few of them are very help in understanding the cirtical part of the project. Some of the important module are helpful to this project are dicussed below. 1.2.1 CCM2418 (Digital and Mobile Systems) and CCM2420 Data Communications These both modules are very useful and module which let me know about fundamental communication knowledge .we started with the simple data how it goes through different stage of process and to final point of the information at that level were we want know about web connection level what involves in modulation , demodulation , multiplexing and error checking 1.2.2 CCM3415 (Advanced Network Design and Security) and CCM2412 (Network Routing and Protocols) In these both modules were important and necessary because most of the topics we learned were associated to computer networks, and it is contributed a very important role in this project , the areas have taught in these modules includes the fundamental of the network which OSI layer model . And another important area which is protocol on the network that are the set of rule govern the network . this was the whole set of the internet , which is the keen important to largest network 1.2.3 CCM3413 (Mobile Internet Applications and Services) This was the module inspired and gave the knowledge to choose this project ,actually i learned the fundamental of the two-tier architecture , WAP technology , PHP , these topics are playing a main role in this project , module given a full scope of the internet and their uses in different device but we mainly focus on the Mobile Internet which inducted me to undertake this Project 1.2.4 CCM2426 (Professional Project Development) In this module we learn how to work in group and make it as a team. We all worked together and put all our work in to one piece of report. And we learned business ethics and how to implement them in the real life and we have discussed about computer science ethics which some very important issues in the modern day computer field which includes legal issues , copyrights and piracy theses information areas will be more helpful when we starting the marketing and involved in the business related application then there we have to implement this strategies . in past few years piracy issues are increasing in a very dramatic way due the high speed internet available and this reflected on the computer business and they seeking for legal expect to avoid this kind of problem in future . 1.2.5 CCM3422 (Computer Communications Project) This module has take place a major role of this project, according to the principle of Computer Communication Project, it involves in to scheduling and estimating technology 1.3 Literature Review My project is consisting of many different numbers of components which performs in different step in its construction and completion. to get this project as one one working model or product ,it has to process through many tasks and topics. And each and every topic in this project are constantly analysis and studied so that all every aspect are fit and work as one whole product . This project are covered from different topics and areas that were research is been taken form many source which includes text books , online materials journals and past projects . some important resource are used for the research are mentioned below with reviews and definitions. D.Houghand K. Zafar according to their point of view .there are millions of user subscribes to mobile network .these are include everyone from computer executive director to unskilled ordinary labour (Bale Bulb rook). With the benefits of the WAP enable mobile device such as mobile phones, Personal Digital Assistant (PDA ) and pager are developed to access the internet right on the mobile device able to access the phone banking , price checking , product purchase or sale , any sport result and much more According to authors E.Evan ,P.Ashworth .the wireless device are increase in dramatic way and number of user to communicate , interact on the move, there is a survey showing that right now there is least One billion wireless are subscribes and soon will be increase to twice the amount now (P.Ashworth and E.Evans ,) There are so many user are subscribe and using the WAP. With help of WAP people are getting the same usual format option as exactly From A personal Computer but these are depends on our convenience and so this will lead to big revolution of the internet in the mobile device and change the traditional way of accessing the internet .Eventually public will notice the real impact of WAP devices how it will change the way of accessing internet and they would know the benefits of using this technology , more user will subscribes to network and it will start to grow on numerous way on a new form of communication because it will start using the new will get start using the new technology and they will reply on the advantage ( Frerrel, ZOO ) In Karli Watsons book (beginning WAP) . when we considering development of the todays communication world some factors are comes first but wireless communication having big impact and revolution over the public and number of users are incredibly increasing at a dramatic amount of subscribing are using and amount of data interchanging in speed at which we access the business and another uses . In less than ten year time it will have a tremendous amount of development from initial level of the internet user from the traditional network But there was a doubt on the factor of reliability and usability of the WAP access, On 2000 Ramsay and Neilson have noted in their book that the WAP is not really functional and popular now but it will be score a good reputation and developed system after 2001.Due to scale of operation grows it will led more difficulties observation. To learning Unified model language (UML) introduce will helps and leads as work along with language focused in this book , the author help to keep the clear view on the UML language and help to protect in the cobwets of methodoly. Fred R.Mcfadden and Jeffery A.Hoffer, , are interest on information resource management (IRM) are here to consider as normal way we do with everyday methods ,equipment . in other word the matter of information is a superior component and business resource and must has to treat as other asset such as student , things and etcs. Mcload and Brittain , are suggesting the basic ideas of IRM from their point of view According Ian Summervilles book is focused at student who undertaking the project in under graduation and graduate at software engineering . they have least know and done some fundamental engineering course such as programming languages . This book is full of general and basic idea of new update on some important topics such as , dependable system , requirement engineering, and architecture design. 1.4 Analysis from Literature Review This application is to designed to track the Stock Market status report through WAP enable device . the idea of this application is to provide a service for the user to check their desirable company stock rate on the particular date and a response will send back to user using programmed database and techniques. The main purpose for this application was to reducing time , developing the reliability and efficiency of use when comparing with current application or system . According to the Ramsay and Neilson personal view of WAP and they believed that WAP had a very big impact on the todays technology that we been using ever since it introduces of the this system in the market .it had a breakthrough with other opponent technology but it still had better critics among with other technology P.Ashworth, E.Evans were best authors where keen to know about the feature of mobile communication , actually both were intended to show in their book , to tell what is the feature of M-commerce as of from this decades to next decades development opportunities. M-commerce is the combination of the traditional web system and the wireless connection, Farrell were interested in studying the future of WAP technology to access the internet on mobile service and tried to explain the benefits of this system over people to use their mobile device to access the web browser or internet , even as our todays live is becoming more amd more difficult by day after day so technology might have to help the problem with changing it same system or service for instance ,internet is access from system which through traditional network but would change it technology and developed into wireless internet that is possible by the WAP technology . But according to Ian Somerville in their book Software Engineering ,they had a new form of ideas to develop and view a project by eight different parts which include an brief intro to software engineering , application designing , coding , validation and verifications , critical systems ,managements and software evaluation .this book also covers the system distribution architecture , and software development .the critical software system in consisted and integrated with the reliability , accessiably , security and avaliabilty so these are mentioned as a different topics. Jeffery A. Hoofer and Fred R. McFadden in thier book Modern Database Management they were talked about the database in a larger sector how the larger context of information resource are stored and manage in a dedicated database . In other hand Craig mentioning about the life cycle of the software and he says that UML depends on the different life cycle development model i.e. Spiral Model , Incremental Model and finally Waterfall Models , UML is depends upon the object oriented programming paradigm . so I am using one of the best model software life cycle model which Watetfall models. 2.1 Aims The ultimate aim of this project to create and build a stock market quote that allows the user to quote the stock company and accessing these are all done by selecting appropriate option on the device to have a customer needs. And there will a database is designed for the data to processed from the user and they able to pass their won information. 2.2 Objectives The objectives in project will be divided into two different informant categories ,in each category will further divided into subsection so that each and every phase will be individually discussed and this will lead to achieve a best possible end result of the Final product . Design based objective: Design based objective actually it involved in idea for framework the specified requirement for the user needs. It will really help the consumer and design from business prospect to achieve the best possible result . To build a system following key point must accomplished Modelling the system from requirement specification Implementing the requirement specification of the system using appropriate development tool Of course , testing ,evaluation and debugging the protocol against the system requirement . A created database will be use as a model for this project instead using the stock market databases Research based objectives: In order to give up- to- date software or system . we must have to be focus and to certain to changes will happened on the current system in terms in future development and challenges and often happened in the software industry. There are some of important ways for getting the software awareness by following few steps By examining people who using the daily basis and observe main fact toward the stock market assessment involves by taking surveys and feedback on the web pages usability Offering alternative or current option available to stock exchange quote and their mentioning their advantage and drawback. 2.3 Software Life Cycle and Methodology for the Project Software life cycle which related to our daily life process and it filters all process over each and every stage in our life. It is pretty commonly known fact that relation pound exits between the product class and process quality is directly equal to the result of the Product is created . the software development is neither inevitable nor efficient to produce good piece of product ,but it is also very ease to keep your product as it is . A software life cycle for the project is model used to describes the phase or stage which a software development goes through . there is other way we can also describes a software life cycle models as A software life cycle is vision of the perspective active that happens during software development [REF 5] . these factors were helping us to understand and improve the basic characteristics and activities of the software life cycle The software life cycle is best way to describe overall process involved in the project. Some important processes are described below. Help the project manager to keep the project on the track Describes the basic function that are excepted through the Project to per perform in period of software development Describes the major stage or phase of the software development Provides a general outlook od details tasks so that the we will know the every process involves in software development This Project is development by the waterfall model. Waterfall model is method used for software development process ,it goes through serious of precious step by step method and process is looks as like as waterfall .The advantage of using the waterfall modal is we can organized ,chronological approach to software develop of our projects than beginning at system level and download to next steps .forward through software development in analysis, testing, coding and management . If the software is developed for large scale system so the effects need established for all system fundamental level and assign some division of particular tasks requirement through of software.. 2.3.1 Waterfall Model: Waterfall is commonly used and adopted in software development field . From the Waterfall Model the software development is very simple and straight forward. The software development will simple as it iluustrated diagram and it says that will easier as ever before from any model . actually Waterfall model is designed to develop the software as simple method of order of segments as figure illustrated below, every segments and stage or phase are put into a distinct goals so that the any segments contributed to a software development are achieved successfully. Software Requirement In software development it is vital to gathering requirement of the software and analysis process is very important for a Software based project to build up and focus of the software .In order to know the nature of the program itself to built, one should understand and analysis the requirement of the software and domain need. To gather the requirement we have form and fellow a simple method with some of topic needed to clarified in order to get started this Project. Design a software Software designing naturally is a major and complex step process. To achieve a design process successful we have to interprets requirement into representation of the software. There so many reason and factor get the error on the software design. Coding/ Programming The designing a software which involves in varies of area to accomplished to form in machine-readable . so code generation is takes place in this step. In this step we actually test the code of our project. System evaluation/Testing Once the coding has done, the testing process begins. In this step it will point out any thing on the consist and logical parts of software to make suer which the given statements are correct and it have been tested. And another important part of test is function external testing and it is carried out to make sure that defined input statement will pass and produces actual result Maintenance Any changes or an error could happened. Once the Product has reached the end user which is the consumer . so it is important for a software to adopt into the real world use .the conditions of changes might happen on both side of the parties for instance If the consumer would like to change the option available on the current system by any chance. So it is vital for software development to maintain all the option and feature are must to be up-to-date Project Management Project management activities which involves in schedules ,planner, organization and creating tasks and document like Risk plan, SRS, configuration management and software development plan were produced .so for my Project i decides to use Work Breakdown System as project management 2.4 Work Breakdown System (WBS) WBS is a break down system which is commonly used method in all computer project to achieve all tasks in the project to produce to one workable system. With help of this sort of methodology which help our project to on the right track . in our case to produce a WAP based system to stock market on the mobile devices. 3 Problem definitions Someone who is travelling or is away from their workplace, it is often not possible to gain access from a fixed internet enabled device. But in home environment we would able to access to internet via the local network . Mobile devices are playing major in todays communication world and it becoming very usual and common thing just seem for time. This seem like without this one might thing like a breakdown in the milestone of the telecommunication in this time . Good thing is almost all of latest mobile phones and devices are embedded with WAP-enable so this encourage the user to use this kind of services and the connection are made device by connecting to server which is provided by the network service provider, so therefore provide a service which keep market users, , who spend a proportion of their typical day in the process of accessing to the stock market and tracking on market , latest informed of stock variation, stock quotes, as well as price detailed, trading status, current company news profile . The big question is whether, there is a potential large scale need for such type of service by the stock market. Stock market information is not easily available perhaps unless you are make a phone request or log on to the Internet; and while on the move it is often very difficult to get internet access without a WAP enabled mobile phone or PDA. It is quite simple to imagine that technology is backbone of todays modern world, in this technology world the most important rule is played by the Software System. Almost everyone have to come across with the modern technology every day after day. But few technology development have made tremendous implement with presenting a new form of application performance , attached feature and way of interaction between the user and system these systems are really capable of do anything form a low- level basic need like TV remote to highly sophisacted and sensitive system like Bank transaction these all designed for one single purpose make life easier. Wired communication systems have as their main disadvantage the lack of mobility; wireless systems have the big advantage of supporting mobility of system use. In this modern world technology are getting even better ,not only in technology also in way of communication are now .The development of the mobile internet, mobile devices, applications and the provision of services such as the one proposed here attract considerable attention and effort in these time; there were number of studies and research going to find an efficient mobile internet for mobile phones and other wireless devices One general requirement to ensure that the security of client there are variety of virus and attacker are waiting to corrupt or stole our data from us . so it important to guide the user to access the relevant information easy and rapid . there are two way for safe surf on the mobile internet Allow the user to surf the particular market report on the relevant web site on the micro-browser To allow data streaming to capture the information on the mamory User interface is another issue in mobile device ,due it small screen it just display very few information in simple manner . Brief product description: It is a client-server based application which will support multi-client. For example: User will input share company the which will be send as a request and the server should respond by sending the real time stock market value of the company share has traded over the previous 40 weeks It should be simple, with a suitable user interface and little user inputs so that the result is obtained the as soon as possible It should also support push services, where certain stockholder will be automatically alerted on their mobile should any changes in the service status occurs. The server should automatically push the information to the specific registered mobile users. Deliverables and Development Requirements To successful completion of the project the following items in list will be given in the final submission A hardcopy of the Project final report A softcopy of the Project final report A turnitin copy of the document Program code on the CD Software and development requirement used document Development requirement of the system are: MySQL Server Windows Vista Nokia series Designing a Application from user point of view. As stock quote is never easy before computer start to serve the user demand ,as a stock market person has to know the rate of the stock till up to date but these are possible by Internet as simple as single click you would know the value from past record to till now . In the period when the computer are not as personal computer those days the person itself has to find the stock value through Walk-in to the local newsagent to buy NEWS paper or Television or even Radio but this media were not that reliable as todays technology which Internet, computer ,wireless. But technology start to change the way of stock market working from the traditional method . However our aim is to provide a reliable method for a person to access the stock market condition as easy as possible by using it. So we have to design a application which will server the user need in simple way .,to fulfil there need as application designer has to thing generously from user point of view. Some of the questions are stri ked Is this application or service are able to served the user needs or it just focus on business prospective . Is the user getting any useful and benefit from the application or web page is been designed . How reliable is this application whether is based on other source or direct information from the stock company User interface is most important part for a application ,it must has to be easy to user to use . To design the WAP application we have to gather relevant information or opion from stock holders who really would get benefit from this WAP application as a user. I managed to contact two persons who using the computer to keep to know stock market rate. Their ultimate demand is that interface must has to simple and provide the useful information as simple as possible like simple graph, etc. So the application is designed to help the user so interface has to simple but not to find how to use it, this will leads poor impression on the application. However everyone has different thoughts from thinging of what they want to make them comfortable well i concluded the thoughts of stock market users what do they want the application has to appear and help them to easy way of tracking the current value of the stock market. Ease of use: As a normal user cannot read manual, particularly for some simple service like sending a message, so if they cannot know how to use the application ,they get frustrated and tent to leave the application altogether. That means if the application is not fully intuition, then people will get stuck and we might lose them forever. The user will not come to figure out how to get the application to work .Another ease of use factor is the difficulty of getting to a URL. When designing a software for certain purpose where the user could get useful by that . The software itself has to serve the purpose that made up for what .There is major role for design a application how it will become useable by user. However ,if the users goal and the applications are not same ,there may be a problem . for example user want to know the previous stock market rate and average of the rate by performs of the particular company stock from past fifteen days data report , in order to plan for feature plan and to analysis on the market .And if my application only provide the stock value for the past seven days ,in this case the application is not provide the solution to the user demand. To provide the full potential of the application to user by developing or designing the option in the application as simple as possible o obtain the what is wanted to use by the user. For instance If user if user is holding stock in five major companies shares ,for him or his need to see the top companies which he or she interested should show at first place instant of thousands of company from the list . So in here we deploying the user reliable context to reduce complex problem into simple solution. We can able to attract the user or customer to use our application or provide. The application must have to provides critical inf Design of Internet Service Application on WAP Device Design of Internet Service Application on WAP Device Abstract The ultimate aim of our project is to provide the design and development for an reliable internet service application which workable on the WAP enabled wireless handheld devices like mobile phone ,PDA(personal digital assistant) but mobile phone will focused mainly on this. To design a WAP application that will be usable by stock market user to receive and check related information like up-to-date stock value , stock quotes, as well as price detailed, trading status in the service directly from their mobile devices. This project concern the developing, testing of a WAP based system for wireless handhelds devices like mobile phone to help the stock market user while on the move for instance the user can access to internet even when they travelling from geographical location to another . the idea of this application is to consider one that in principle not only delivering that data which involves in stock market updates and reliable and securely but one will be rapidly aware the user about the market changes in real time without even in the whilst in office or home , whilst we travelling , to the demand form of communication specially whilst o the move The Stock Market system will be based on WAP architecture for mobile devices. This project will demonstrate how practical and possible will it be to use a mobile internet on the mobile phone to check the stock market value for a particular company whilst on the move. the user can have access to know the current price of the stock and it latest information At click of the button without physically present in front of the stock market office or by watching Television at the someplace. The whole project framework is aim on to Create a WAP application which based on a server side application which could be the company to join a venture with the users to input the data to form a given result. And it important to aware of the modern days application are adapted by the user to improve their capabilities. According to the research board of project believe that the user application projects are lead to failure if it not fully obtain the user demands and requirement for particular needs.The possibly good market for such system will be investigated into further develop to refine a set of clients requirement . there will be a good response for such an application in the market which intended on user who has invested a solid amount in bonds , shares and gilts , and these are all designed to make life easier in such a way it enable the use to make decision at particular time to sell and buy stock such time . 1. Introduction 1.1 Brief Stocks are considered riskier investments ,the value of a stock could at peak and drop down on the rate of the share by every time ,it completely depends on the situation of economy .for instance I am a stockholder having 500 share on a private company. Currently the value of my share is at good rate,and if I want to know what is market value of share with other company .Likewise most of the stock market holder are keen to know the latest information in real time .However it is only possible when the share holder are have a chance to watching news or log on a computer that they would be aware of the situation. Nowadays, most people on the move have at least one mobile device, a mobile phone or a PDA .so why not provide the stock market information as soon as possible directly on these mobile phones?.It can be either on a push basis or pull basis .push basis a like a push message it automatically send the latest information to the user whoever subscribe to the push service , in other hand pull message where the user have to send a request first to get the required response. Most of the people nowadays having mobile phone along them and from which would the user also can access to the internet and other communication uses. Currently the mobile phones are very cheaper and popular in the market when we comparing with other kinds of electronic device However the mobile based stock market tracking system will allows the user to check the latest information of the stock value in the market. There is good market scope for mobile communication due the feasibility and support of the communication at time . and other important of mobile internet is that a user can to be in up-to-date information on necessary thinks needed like weather , flash NEWS, email etc . this would be a viable alternative from traditional fixed internet for PCs and implementation of the mobile internet which is very convenience for us. Like Benjamin Franklin so rightly said, Forewarned is forearmed. So, on consumers point of view, yes, there is a potential need for this application. Moreover, most mobile phone network providers nowadays offer certain amount of free internet browsing on their mobile handsets each month. Users would prefer to use their free offer to check for stock information rather than dialling or texting a phone number, which are usually charged at premium rate, to get that same information. In terms of benefits for the stock exchange company, this will be an improvement of their customer service and keeping up-to-date with new technology. Staffs involved with providing information over the phone for those travellers who still feel at ease with that means, will be able to provide a better quality of service as he or she would not be under so much pressure of dealing with all the calls waiting in the queue. Moreover, staffs at the will fewer enquiries to deal with as commuters will be informed wel l in advance. As author Ben Salter and Alex Michael mentioned .thirteen per cent of mobile subscribes reported accessing news and information via a mobile browser in June 2004. [ REF 1 ] The both author believe that current number of user accessing the mobile internet to browser will increases in feature 1.2 Relevance to course Modules The product based project are really challengeable to undertake but these are possible and manageable from the modules taught over the degree few of them are very help in understanding the cirtical part of the project. Some of the important module are helpful to this project are dicussed below. 1.2.1 CCM2418 (Digital and Mobile Systems) and CCM2420 Data Communications These both modules are very useful and module which let me know about fundamental communication knowledge .we started with the simple data how it goes through different stage of process and to final point of the information at that level were we want know about web connection level what involves in modulation , demodulation , multiplexing and error checking 1.2.2 CCM3415 (Advanced Network Design and Security) and CCM2412 (Network Routing and Protocols) In these both modules were important and necessary because most of the topics we learned were associated to computer networks, and it is contributed a very important role in this project , the areas have taught in these modules includes the fundamental of the network which OSI layer model . And another important area which is protocol on the network that are the set of rule govern the network . this was the whole set of the internet , which is the keen important to largest network 1.2.3 CCM3413 (Mobile Internet Applications and Services) This was the module inspired and gave the knowledge to choose this project ,actually i learned the fundamental of the two-tier architecture , WAP technology , PHP , these topics are playing a main role in this project , module given a full scope of the internet and their uses in different device but we mainly focus on the Mobile Internet which inducted me to undertake this Project 1.2.4 CCM2426 (Professional Project Development) In this module we learn how to work in group and make it as a team. We all worked together and put all our work in to one piece of report. And we learned business ethics and how to implement them in the real life and we have discussed about computer science ethics which some very important issues in the modern day computer field which includes legal issues , copyrights and piracy theses information areas will be more helpful when we starting the marketing and involved in the business related application then there we have to implement this strategies . in past few years piracy issues are increasing in a very dramatic way due the high speed internet available and this reflected on the computer business and they seeking for legal expect to avoid this kind of problem in future . 1.2.5 CCM3422 (Computer Communications Project) This module has take place a major role of this project, according to the principle of Computer Communication Project, it involves in to scheduling and estimating technology 1.3 Literature Review My project is consisting of many different numbers of components which performs in different step in its construction and completion. to get this project as one one working model or product ,it has to process through many tasks and topics. And each and every topic in this project are constantly analysis and studied so that all every aspect are fit and work as one whole product . This project are covered from different topics and areas that were research is been taken form many source which includes text books , online materials journals and past projects . some important resource are used for the research are mentioned below with reviews and definitions. D.Houghand K. Zafar according to their point of view .there are millions of user subscribes to mobile network .these are include everyone from computer executive director to unskilled ordinary labour (Bale Bulb rook). With the benefits of the WAP enable mobile device such as mobile phones, Personal Digital Assistant (PDA ) and pager are developed to access the internet right on the mobile device able to access the phone banking , price checking , product purchase or sale , any sport result and much more According to authors E.Evan ,P.Ashworth .the wireless device are increase in dramatic way and number of user to communicate , interact on the move, there is a survey showing that right now there is least One billion wireless are subscribes and soon will be increase to twice the amount now (P.Ashworth and E.Evans ,) There are so many user are subscribe and using the WAP. With help of WAP people are getting the same usual format option as exactly From A personal Computer but these are depends on our convenience and so this will lead to big revolution of the internet in the mobile device and change the traditional way of accessing the internet .Eventually public will notice the real impact of WAP devices how it will change the way of accessing internet and they would know the benefits of using this technology , more user will subscribes to network and it will start to grow on numerous way on a new form of communication because it will start using the new will get start using the new technology and they will reply on the advantage ( Frerrel, ZOO ) In Karli Watsons book (beginning WAP) . when we considering development of the todays communication world some factors are comes first but wireless communication having big impact and revolution over the public and number of users are incredibly increasing at a dramatic amount of subscribing are using and amount of data interchanging in speed at which we access the business and another uses . In less than ten year time it will have a tremendous amount of development from initial level of the internet user from the traditional network But there was a doubt on the factor of reliability and usability of the WAP access, On 2000 Ramsay and Neilson have noted in their book that the WAP is not really functional and popular now but it will be score a good reputation and developed system after 2001.Due to scale of operation grows it will led more difficulties observation. To learning Unified model language (UML) introduce will helps and leads as work along with language focused in this book , the author help to keep the clear view on the UML language and help to protect in the cobwets of methodoly. Fred R.Mcfadden and Jeffery A.Hoffer, , are interest on information resource management (IRM) are here to consider as normal way we do with everyday methods ,equipment . in other word the matter of information is a superior component and business resource and must has to treat as other asset such as student , things and etcs. Mcload and Brittain , are suggesting the basic ideas of IRM from their point of view According Ian Summervilles book is focused at student who undertaking the project in under graduation and graduate at software engineering . they have least know and done some fundamental engineering course such as programming languages . This book is full of general and basic idea of new update on some important topics such as , dependable system , requirement engineering, and architecture design. 1.4 Analysis from Literature Review This application is to designed to track the Stock Market status report through WAP enable device . the idea of this application is to provide a service for the user to check their desirable company stock rate on the particular date and a response will send back to user using programmed database and techniques. The main purpose for this application was to reducing time , developing the reliability and efficiency of use when comparing with current application or system . According to the Ramsay and Neilson personal view of WAP and they believed that WAP had a very big impact on the todays technology that we been using ever since it introduces of the this system in the market .it had a breakthrough with other opponent technology but it still had better critics among with other technology P.Ashworth, E.Evans were best authors where keen to know about the feature of mobile communication , actually both were intended to show in their book , to tell what is the feature of M-commerce as of from this decades to next decades development opportunities. M-commerce is the combination of the traditional web system and the wireless connection, Farrell were interested in studying the future of WAP technology to access the internet on mobile service and tried to explain the benefits of this system over people to use their mobile device to access the web browser or internet , even as our todays live is becoming more amd more difficult by day after day so technology might have to help the problem with changing it same system or service for instance ,internet is access from system which through traditional network but would change it technology and developed into wireless internet that is possible by the WAP technology . But according to Ian Somerville in their book Software Engineering ,they had a new form of ideas to develop and view a project by eight different parts which include an brief intro to software engineering , application designing , coding , validation and verifications , critical systems ,managements and software evaluation .this book also covers the system distribution architecture , and software development .the critical software system in consisted and integrated with the reliability , accessiably , security and avaliabilty so these are mentioned as a different topics. Jeffery A. Hoofer and Fred R. McFadden in thier book Modern Database Management they were talked about the database in a larger sector how the larger context of information resource are stored and manage in a dedicated database . In other hand Craig mentioning about the life cycle of the software and he says that UML depends on the different life cycle development model i.e. Spiral Model , Incremental Model and finally Waterfall Models , UML is depends upon the object oriented programming paradigm . so I am using one of the best model software life cycle model which Watetfall models. 2.1 Aims The ultimate aim of this project to create and build a stock market quote that allows the user to quote the stock company and accessing these are all done by selecting appropriate option on the device to have a customer needs. And there will a database is designed for the data to processed from the user and they able to pass their won information. 2.2 Objectives The objectives in project will be divided into two different informant categories ,in each category will further divided into subsection so that each and every phase will be individually discussed and this will lead to achieve a best possible end result of the Final product . Design based objective: Design based objective actually it involved in idea for framework the specified requirement for the user needs. It will really help the consumer and design from business prospect to achieve the best possible result . To build a system following key point must accomplished Modelling the system from requirement specification Implementing the requirement specification of the system using appropriate development tool Of course , testing ,evaluation and debugging the protocol against the system requirement . A created database will be use as a model for this project instead using the stock market databases Research based objectives: In order to give up- to- date software or system . we must have to be focus and to certain to changes will happened on the current system in terms in future development and challenges and often happened in the software industry. There are some of important ways for getting the software awareness by following few steps By examining people who using the daily basis and observe main fact toward the stock market assessment involves by taking surveys and feedback on the web pages usability Offering alternative or current option available to stock exchange quote and their mentioning their advantage and drawback. 2.3 Software Life Cycle and Methodology for the Project Software life cycle which related to our daily life process and it filters all process over each and every stage in our life. It is pretty commonly known fact that relation pound exits between the product class and process quality is directly equal to the result of the Product is created . the software development is neither inevitable nor efficient to produce good piece of product ,but it is also very ease to keep your product as it is . A software life cycle for the project is model used to describes the phase or stage which a software development goes through . there is other way we can also describes a software life cycle models as A software life cycle is vision of the perspective active that happens during software development [REF 5] . these factors were helping us to understand and improve the basic characteristics and activities of the software life cycle The software life cycle is best way to describe overall process involved in the project. Some important processes are described below. Help the project manager to keep the project on the track Describes the basic function that are excepted through the Project to per perform in period of software development Describes the major stage or phase of the software development Provides a general outlook od details tasks so that the we will know the every process involves in software development This Project is development by the waterfall model. Waterfall model is method used for software development process ,it goes through serious of precious step by step method and process is looks as like as waterfall .The advantage of using the waterfall modal is we can organized ,chronological approach to software develop of our projects than beginning at system level and download to next steps .forward through software development in analysis, testing, coding and management . If the software is developed for large scale system so the effects need established for all system fundamental level and assign some division of particular tasks requirement through of software.. 2.3.1 Waterfall Model: Waterfall is commonly used and adopted in software development field . From the Waterfall Model the software development is very simple and straight forward. The software development will simple as it iluustrated diagram and it says that will easier as ever before from any model . actually Waterfall model is designed to develop the software as simple method of order of segments as figure illustrated below, every segments and stage or phase are put into a distinct goals so that the any segments contributed to a software development are achieved successfully. Software Requirement In software development it is vital to gathering requirement of the software and analysis process is very important for a Software based project to build up and focus of the software .In order to know the nature of the program itself to built, one should understand and analysis the requirement of the software and domain need. To gather the requirement we have form and fellow a simple method with some of topic needed to clarified in order to get started this Project. Design a software Software designing naturally is a major and complex step process. To achieve a design process successful we have to interprets requirement into representation of the software. There so many reason and factor get the error on the software design. Coding/ Programming The designing a software which involves in varies of area to accomplished to form in machine-readable . so code generation is takes place in this step. In this step we actually test the code of our project. System evaluation/Testing Once the coding has done, the testing process begins. In this step it will point out any thing on the consist and logical parts of software to make suer which the given statements are correct and it have been tested. And another important part of test is function external testing and it is carried out to make sure that defined input statement will pass and produces actual result Maintenance Any changes or an error could happened. Once the Product has reached the end user which is the consumer . so it is important for a software to adopt into the real world use .the conditions of changes might happen on both side of the parties for instance If the consumer would like to change the option available on the current system by any chance. So it is vital for software development to maintain all the option and feature are must to be up-to-date Project Management Project management activities which involves in schedules ,planner, organization and creating tasks and document like Risk plan, SRS, configuration management and software development plan were produced .so for my Project i decides to use Work Breakdown System as project management 2.4 Work Breakdown System (WBS) WBS is a break down system which is commonly used method in all computer project to achieve all tasks in the project to produce to one workable system. With help of this sort of methodology which help our project to on the right track . in our case to produce a WAP based system to stock market on the mobile devices. 3 Problem definitions Someone who is travelling or is away from their workplace, it is often not possible to gain access from a fixed internet enabled device. But in home environment we would able to access to internet via the local network . Mobile devices are playing major in todays communication world and it becoming very usual and common thing just seem for time. This seem like without this one might thing like a breakdown in the milestone of the telecommunication in this time . Good thing is almost all of latest mobile phones and devices are embedded with WAP-enable so this encourage the user to use this kind of services and the connection are made device by connecting to server which is provided by the network service provider, so therefore provide a service which keep market users, , who spend a proportion of their typical day in the process of accessing to the stock market and tracking on market , latest informed of stock variation, stock quotes, as well as price detailed, trading status, current company news profile . The big question is whether, there is a potential large scale need for such type of service by the stock market. Stock market information is not easily available perhaps unless you are make a phone request or log on to the Internet; and while on the move it is often very difficult to get internet access without a WAP enabled mobile phone or PDA. It is quite simple to imagine that technology is backbone of todays modern world, in this technology world the most important rule is played by the Software System. Almost everyone have to come across with the modern technology every day after day. But few technology development have made tremendous implement with presenting a new form of application performance , attached feature and way of interaction between the user and system these systems are really capable of do anything form a low- level basic need like TV remote to highly sophisacted and sensitive system like Bank transaction these all designed for one single purpose make life easier. Wired communication systems have as their main disadvantage the lack of mobility; wireless systems have the big advantage of supporting mobility of system use. In this modern world technology are getting even better ,not only in technology also in way of communication are now .The development of the mobile internet, mobile devices, applications and the provision of services such as the one proposed here attract considerable attention and effort in these time; there were number of studies and research going to find an efficient mobile internet for mobile phones and other wireless devices One general requirement to ensure that the security of client there are variety of virus and attacker are waiting to corrupt or stole our data from us . so it important to guide the user to access the relevant information easy and rapid . there are two way for safe surf on the mobile internet Allow the user to surf the particular market report on the relevant web site on the micro-browser To allow data streaming to capture the information on the mamory User interface is another issue in mobile device ,due it small screen it just display very few information in simple manner . Brief product description: It is a client-server based application which will support multi-client. For example: User will input share company the which will be send as a request and the server should respond by sending the real time stock market value of the company share has traded over the previous 40 weeks It should be simple, with a suitable user interface and little user inputs so that the result is obtained the as soon as possible It should also support push services, where certain stockholder will be automatically alerted on their mobile should any changes in the service status occurs. The server should automatically push the information to the specific registered mobile users. Deliverables and Development Requirements To successful completion of the project the following items in list will be given in the final submission A hardcopy of the Project final report A softcopy of the Project final report A turnitin copy of the document Program code on the CD Software and development requirement used document Development requirement of the system are: MySQL Server Windows Vista Nokia series Designing a Application from user point of view. As stock quote is never easy before computer start to serve the user demand ,as a stock market person has to know the rate of the stock till up to date but these are possible by Internet as simple as single click you would know the value from past record to till now . In the period when the computer are not as personal computer those days the person itself has to find the stock value through Walk-in to the local newsagent to buy NEWS paper or Television or even Radio but this media were not that reliable as todays technology which Internet, computer ,wireless. But technology start to change the way of stock market working from the traditional method . However our aim is to provide a reliable method for a person to access the stock market condition as easy as possible by using it. So we have to design a application which will server the user need in simple way .,to fulfil there need as application designer has to thing generously from user point of view. Some of the questions are stri ked Is this application or service are able to served the user needs or it just focus on business prospective . Is the user getting any useful and benefit from the application or web page is been designed . How reliable is this application whether is based on other source or direct information from the stock company User interface is most important part for a application ,it must has to be easy to user to use . To design the WAP application we have to gather relevant information or opion from stock holders who really would get benefit from this WAP application as a user. I managed to contact two persons who using the computer to keep to know stock market rate. Their ultimate demand is that interface must has to simple and provide the useful information as simple as possible like simple graph, etc. So the application is designed to help the user so interface has to simple but not to find how to use it, this will leads poor impression on the application. However everyone has different thoughts from thinging of what they want to make them comfortable well i concluded the thoughts of stock market users what do they want the application has to appear and help them to easy way of tracking the current value of the stock market. Ease of use: As a normal user cannot read manual, particularly for some simple service like sending a message, so if they cannot know how to use the application ,they get frustrated and tent to leave the application altogether. That means if the application is not fully intuition, then people will get stuck and we might lose them forever. The user will not come to figure out how to get the application to work .Another ease of use factor is the difficulty of getting to a URL. When designing a software for certain purpose where the user could get useful by that . The software itself has to serve the purpose that made up for what .There is major role for design a application how it will become useable by user. However ,if the users goal and the applications are not same ,there may be a problem . for example user want to know the previous stock market rate and average of the rate by performs of the particular company stock from past fifteen days data report , in order to plan for feature plan and to analysis on the market .And if my application only provide the stock value for the past seven days ,in this case the application is not provide the solution to the user demand. To provide the full potential of the application to user by developing or designing the option in the application as simple as possible o obtain the what is wanted to use by the user. For instance If user if user is holding stock in five major companies shares ,for him or his need to see the top companies which he or she interested should show at first place instant of thousands of company from the list . So in here we deploying the user reliable context to reduce complex problem into simple solution. We can able to attract the user or customer to use our application or provide. The application must have to provides critical inf

Maglev Trains :: Magnet Train Trains Essays

Maglev Trains As almost any child knows, magnets have the ability to attract and repel other magnets. This knowledge is now being utilized in separate projects in Germany and Japan to propel and levitate a new and innovative type of train, the magnetic lift train. A German company called Transrapid is now able to build a train takes advantage of a magnets ability to attract magnetic materials. Upon observing the system from a distance, it looks to be composed of only T-shaped track and a train that wraps around the ledges of the track. However, the wrap-around part of the train hides the mechanisms that cause the train to levitate and to fly through the air. Ferromagnets on the underside of both of both the track’s ledges attract electromagnets on the wrap-around-the-track part of the train that is adjacent to the ferromagnets. A computer controls the amount of current flowing through the electromagnets in order to keep the train at a constant 1 cm from the track (#5). These electromagnets are powered by onboard batteries that are charged by linear generators that convert motion into electricity. In addition, the train needs more than its levitation system to maintain its proper lateral position on the track. The Transrapid syst em accomplishes this feat by creating an attractive field between magnets on both the track’s ledge’s sides and on the interior sides of both the warp-around-the-track parts of the train. The two attractive forces cancel each other out and cause the train to remain in the same lateral distance from the track.(Most of the information is form #4.) In addition to levitating the vehicles with magnetic forces, the Transrapid train’s propulsion system also uses magnetism. The forces used to propel and break the vehicle are both created with the aluminum three-phase cable winding in the ferromagnets on the track and the electromagnets on the train. The train moves forward when an alternating current, supplied by an outside source, is sent through the windings on the track. This creates an alternating magnetic field that both pushes and pulls the train along the track. In order to slow the train down the alternating current is reversed. This causes the train to be pushed and pulled in the direction opposite of its motion. Also, this system is energy efficient because instead of electrifying the entire track, the only electrified part is length where the train is traveling.

All For Animals :: essays research papers

All for Animals   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  WORDS:592   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Is it right to take the life of an innocent animal? Animals have been burnt, crushed, sliced, electrocuted, tortured with drugs, poisoned with toxic chemicals, and tormented in psychological testing. They do all these test just to make money or find if a chemical is safe for humans. Is this right?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Animal testing or vivisection ( as commonly called) promises to cure ills though animal experimentation. If this is stopped, that will be the end of human cures. Dr. Werner Hartinger, MD, surgeon in west Germany, claims that medical science’s great advances could not have been discovered without experimenting on animals. The uninformed public usually agrees to this statement, simply because they rather see a animal die than a person.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The public usually don’t see what goes on behind close doors. That is because product testers do not want them to see the animals suffer and die, including dogs, cats, rabbits, monkeys, birds, rats, mice, pigs, birds, fish, reptiles, etc. Each of these animals has the capacity to experience pain, and they can also escape it. However, inside the laboratory there is no escape. To intentionally inflict suffering and eventual death on an animal is a crude practice, one that could result in a criminal convection if done in public under the state’s law. Yet because animal testing is done behind closed doors at the hands of scientists who promises cures in the future, the suffering continues.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As science became more advanced, the cruelty became more creative. How could scientist watch those animals be put through torture. A scientists, studying for head trauma strapped an animal in machinery to receive high impact blows to the head that left it with severe head damage. Another time, to examine severe burns to live tissue, pigs were restrained to prevent their escape and then burned alive with a flame thrower until the charred flesh could be removed from the live animals in large pieces. Yet another example, to demonstrate that the eye’s protein levels are not different in sight deprived monkeys compared to normal ones, animal experimenters sewed the monkeys’ eyelids shut.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The point of these horrible animals experiences are cruel. There are thousands of discoveries made without product testing. Some are: discovery of penicillin, development of x-rays, discovery of the relationship between cholesterol and heart disease, which is the number one cause of death in America. Advancements in the human medicine which are based on the human model are the only true reliable and responsible research methods.

Prince Siddhartha Gautama - Buddha :: Chinese China History

Buddha This report will be about the life of Buddha, Siddhartha Gautama, and his influences on the people around him. It will explain how the religion of Buddhism came about and how the Buddha created it. It will also include not only what influenced Buddha to start preaching, but what influenced the people to listen. Prince Siddhartha Gautama, who would later be known as Buddha, was born in Lumbini, Nepal around the year 563 BC. He was the son of two important great people. Siddhartha's father's name was Shuddhodana, the King of the Sakyas. His mother, Queen Maya, was a lady "of perfect form and bee-black tresses, fearless in heart and full of grace and virtue." Siddhartha got his name from one of his mother's dreams. Her dream was that an elephant with 6 tusks, carrying a lotus flower in its trunk, touched the right side of Queen Maya's body. That was when Siddhartha was miraculously conceived. When she told her husband about her dream, he called Brahmins, or learned men to interpret it. They predicted that the child one-day would be the greatest king in the world or the greatest ascetic in the world. So that's why they called him Siddhartha, meaning "he whose aim is accomplished." When Siddhartha was about 20 years old he married Yasodhara, who was the daughter of one of the King's ministers. S iddhartha and his new wife had a child a year after they got married. They called their son Rahula, which means "impediment." Nine years later Siddhartha asked his charioteer to take him for a ride throughout the city. While riding he saw three things he had never seen before. One was an elder man, another was a man suffering from illness, and finally he saw a dead body surrounded by mourners. Since he had never seen anything like that before he asked his charioteer, Channa, what was wrong. He responded and told the Prince that these things were natural and unavoidable, that happen to all kinds of people. "Everything is transient; nothing in permanent in this world....Knowing that, I can find delight in nothing...How can a man, who knows that death is quite inevitable, still feel greed in his heart, enjoy the world of senses and not weep in this great danger?" Once again Siddhartha asked Channa to take him out into the city again and this time he was to see the last of four images that would change his life forever.

Major Problems Faced by Indian Agriculture

Major Problems Faced by Indian Agriculture The major problems confronting Indian agriculture are those of population pressure, small holdings, depleted soils, lack of modern technology and poor facilities for storage. (a) Population Pressure: India has a huge population of over one billion and it is increasing at a very fast rate. According to 2001 census figures the over all density of population is 324 persons per sq. km. This is likely to increase further in future. This has created great demand for land. Every bit of land has been brought under the plough.Even the hill slopes have been cut into terraces for cultivation. (b) Small and Fragmented Land Holdings: The pressure of increasing population and the practice of dividing land equally among the heirs has caused excessive sub divisions of farm holdings. Consequently, the holdings are small and fragmented. The small size of holdings makes farming activity uneconomical and leads to social tension, violence and discontentment. (c) Inadequate Irrigation Facilities: By and large the irrigation facilities available in India are far from adequate.So for half of the total area under food crops has been brought under irrigation and the remaining half is left to the mercy of monsoon rains which are erratic in time and space. (d) Depleted Soils: Indian soils have been used for growing crops for thousands of years which have resulted in the depletion of soil fertility. With deforestation the sources of maintaining natural fertility of soil has been drying out. Lack of material resources and ignorance of scientific knowledge have further depleted the soils of the natural fertility. Earlier only animal waste was enough to maintain soil fertility. e) Storage of food grains: Storage of food grains is a big problem. Nearly 10 per cent of our harvest goes waste every year in the absence of proper storage facilities. This colossal wastage can be avoided by developing scientific ware-housing facilities. The government has ta ken several steps to provide storage facilities. (f) Farm Implements: Although some mechanisation of farming has taken place in some parts of the country, most of the farmers are poor and do not have enough resources to purchase modern farm implements and tools.This hampers the development of agriculture. Challenges agriculture sector challenges will be important to India’s overall development and the improved welfare of its rural poor: 1. Raising agricultural productivity per unit of land: Raising productivity per unit of land will need to be the main engine of agricultural growth as virtually all cultivable land is farmed. Water resources are also limited and water for irrigation must contend with increasing industrial and urban needs.All measures to increase productivity will need exploiting, amongst them: increasing yields, diversification to higher value crops, and developing value chains to reduce marketing costs. 2. Reducing rural poverty through a socially inclusive s trategy that comprises both agriculture as well as non-farm employment: Rural development must also benefit the poor, landless, women, scheduled castes and tribes. Moreover, there are strong regional disparities: the majority of India’s poor are in rain-fed areas or in the Eastern Indo-Gangetic plains. Reaching such groups has not been easy.While progress has been made – the rural population classified as poor fell from nearly 40% in the early 1990s to below 30% by the mid-2000s (about a 1% fall per year) – there is a clear need for a faster reduction. Hence, poverty alleviation is a central pillar of the rural development efforts of the Government and the World Bank. 3. Ensuring that agricultural growth responds to food security needs: The sharp rise in food-grain production during India’s Green Revolution of the 1970s enabled the country to achieve self-sufficiency in food-grains and stave off the threat of famine.Agricultural intensification in the 197 0s to 1980s saw an increased demand for rural labor that raised rural wages and, together with declining food prices, reduced rural poverty. However agricultural growth in the 1990s and 2000s slowed down, averaging about 3. 5% per annum, and cereal yields have increased by only 1. 4% per annum in the 2000s. The slow-down in agricultural growth has become a major cause for concern. India’s rice yields are one-third of China’s and about half of those in Vietnam and Indonesia. The same is true for most other agricultural commodities.Policy makers will thus need to initiate and/or conclude policy actions and public programs to shift the sector away from the existing policy and institutional regime that appears to be no longer viable and build a solid foundation for a much more productive, internationally competitive, and diversified agricultural sector. Priority Areas for Support 1. Enhancing agricultural productivity, competitiveness, and rural growth Promoting new techno logies and reforming agricultural research and extension: Major reform and strengthening of India’s agricultural research and extension systems is one of the most important needs for agricultural growth.These services have declined over time due to chronic underfunding of infrastructure and operations, no replacement of aging researchers or broad access to state-of-the-art technologies. Research now has little to provide beyond the time-worn packages of the past. Public extension services are struggling and offer little new knowledge to farmers. There is too little connection between research and extension, or between these services and the private sector. Improving Water Resources and Irrigation/Drainage Management: Agriculture is India’s largest user of water.However, increasing competition for water between industry, domestic use and agriculture has highlighted the need to plan and manage water on a river basin and multi-sectoral basis. As urban and other demands mu ltiply, less water is likely to be available for irrigation. Ways to radically enhance the productivity of irrigation (â€Å"more crop per drop†) need to be found. Piped conveyance, better on-farm management of water, and use of more efficient delivery mechanisms such as drip irrigation are among the actions that could be taken. There is also a need to manage as opposed to exploit the use of groundwater.Incentives to pump less water such as levying electricity charges or community monitoring of use have not yet succeeded beyond sporadic initiatives. Other key priorities include: (i) modernizing Irrigation and Drainage Departments to integrate the participation of farmers and other agencies in managing irrigation water; (ii) improving cost recovery; (iii) rationalizing public expenditures, with priority to completing schemes with the highest returns; and (iv) allocating sufficient resources for operations and maintenance for the sustainability of investments.Facilitating agric ultural diversification to higher-value commodities: Encouraging farmers todiversify to higher value commodities will be a significant factor for higher agricultural growth, particularly in rain-fed areas where poverty is high. Moreover, considerable potential exists for expanding agro-processing and building competitive value chains from producers to urban centers and export markets. While diversification initiatives should be left to farmers and entrepreneurs, the Government can, first and foremost, liberalize constraints to marketing, transport, export and processing.It can also play a small regulatory role, taking due care that this does not become an impediment. Promoting high growth commodities: Some agricultural sub-sectors have particularly high potential for expansion, notably dairy. The livestock sector, primarily due to dairy, contributes over a quarter of agricultural GDP and is a source of income for 70% of India’s rural families, mostly those who are poor and he aded by women. Growth in milk production, at about 4% per annum, has been brisk, but future domestic demand is expected to grow by at least 5% per annum.Milk production is constrained, however, by the poor genetic quality of cows, inadequate nutrients, inaccessible veterinary care, and other factors. A targeted program to tackle these constraints could boost production and have good impact on poverty. Developing markets, agricultural credit and public expenditures: India’s legacy of extensive government involvement in agricultural marketing has created restrictions in internal and external trade, resulting in cumbersome and high-cost marketing and transport options for agricultural commodities.Even so, private sector investment in marketing, value chains and agro-processing is growing, but much slower than potential. While some restrictions are being lifted, considerably more needs to be done to enable diversification and minimize consumer prices. Improving access to rural fi nance for farmers is another need as it remains difficult for farmers to get credit. Moreover, subsidies on power, fertilizers and irrigation have progressively come to dominate Government expenditures on the sector, and are now four times larger than investment expenditures, crowding out top priorities such as agricultural research and extension.

Report on Business Level Strategy

BUSINESS LEVEL STRATEGY Any given organization may comprise a number of different businesses. Each operating in distinct markets and serving different customers. A market is defined by demand conditions and based on an organization’s customers and potential customers. Industry is determined by supply conditions and based on production technology. Business level strategy is a means of separating out and formulating a competitive strategy at the level of individual business unit.This is sometimes referred to as a Strategic Business Unit (SBU). A Strategic Business Unit is a distinct part of an organization which focuses upon a particular market or markets for its products and services. The parent company sets the overall or corporate strategy. The role of the business unit is to devise a strategy which allows it to compete successfully in the marketplace and to contribute to the corporate strategy. GENERIC STRATEGYA sustainable competitive advantage is about performing different activities or performing similar activities in a different ways. In other words, the firm must be capable of producing value for the customer that is recognized as being superior to that of its competitors. Michael Porter (1980) developed three generic strategies to help an organization outperform rivals within an industry, and so successfully position itself against the five forces.These strategies are referred to as generic because they apply to different types of organizations in different industries. The first of these three strategies is called Overall Cost Leadership. A cost leadership strategy involves a firm being the lowest cost producer within the industry. This allows the firm to outperform the rivals within the industry because it can charge lower prices and its lowest cost base still allows it to earn profit. In effect, this firm can charge the lowest price within the industry which the rivals simply cannot match.Therefore, a cost leadership strategy allows the firm to make superior profits. A Differentiation Strategy is based on producing products or services which are perceived by the customers as unique or different. A differentiated product has the opportunity to meet different customer needs more closely. It is the difference that is the basis on which the customers are prepared to pay a premium price. Clearly, the cost of producing differentiation must not outweigh the price being charged.Or, put another way, customer should be prepared to pay a price which exceeds the costs of differentiation, thereby allowing the organization to earn superior profits. The third Strategy is referred to as a Focus Strategy. A Focus Strategy allows an organization to target a segment of niche within a market. The segment may be based on a particular customer group, geographical markets, or specific product lines. Unlike overall cost leadership and differentiation strategies which are industry-wide, a focus strategy is aimed at serving a particular target mar ket efficiency.