Henry V coursework ~ War criminal or Hero? Essay

Henry V is known as an ideal king and Shakespeare presents him as a great warrior. The writer shows this by making him have inspirational leadership qualities as well as being able to relate to ordinary people. Henry takes his responsibilities very seriously and is very fair and just. The king is deeply religious, however, he can be ruthless. Overall Henry is regarded as a national hero. Firstly, Henry has a range of reasons why he declares war on France. I think the main reason is to follow his father’s advice and unite the country. An example of this is on his deathbed and he says â€Å"busy giddy minds with foreign quarrels†, this shows the country needs uniting and to do this he should start a war with a foreign country. The next reason is to live up to his ancestors and be glorified like them. This is shown by Canterbury when he states, â€Å"Invoke his warlike spirit, your great – uncles, Edward the black prince† and â€Å"Look back to your mighty ancestors†. This shows he has to live up to his ancestors and be as good as them. Thirdly, Henry feels he has a strong claim for the throne. For instance, he feels he has a claim because of his great – grandmother and goes to Canterbury to find out. He asks Canterbury if he deserves it, when he says â€Å"Justly and retigiously unfold, why the salic law †¦. or should or should not bar us in our claim†/ Henry feels he has the right but must be absolutely sure not to make a false claim. He doesn’t want men’s lives on his conscience. Then another reason is people expect him to. An illustration of this is when Exeter says, â€Å"your brothers kings and monarchs of the earth do all expect that you should rouse yourself†. As a king he is expected to take charge of his country and claim what could be a great venture. Also, the church offers to pay. For example, when Canterbury states, â€Å"In aid where of we of the spirituality, will raise your highness such a mighty sum, as never did the clergy at one time†. The church feel they should help pay and offer, so Henry doesn’t have to pay and so going to war wouldn’t cost him anything. Finally, the Dauphin insults him by sending him a chest of tennis balls. The king has already decided to go to war but this just makes him more determined. Henry’s voice is calm and sarcastic when he says, â€Å"we are glad the Dauphin is so pleasant with us†. As he says this, it gets louder and louder, working into a crescendo. He also makes a speech, where he is talking about war like a tennis match, using metaphors. He also uses a lot of repetition at this point to emphasise what he is saying. This just makes Henry even angrier persuading him to go to war. So overall Henry has very strong reasons to go to war with France. However, before going to war, Henry seeked advice for the Salic law. This indicates he takes his responsibilities very seriously. Henry seeks advice, as he doesn’t want to go to war without good reason. The king shows this when he is talking to Canterbury as he says, â€Å"for never two such kingdoms did contend with out much fall of blood, whose guiltless drops†. He tells Canterbury to be careful because he doesn’t want an illegal war. Henry takes this so seriously as he doesn’t want his soldiers to lose their lives unnecessarily and doesn’t want their lives on his conscience. Prior to that, Henry also leaves part of his army in England to guard against an invasion from Scotland. This is illustrated when the king goes â€Å"we must not only arm t’invade the French †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ against the Scots who will make road upon us with all advantages†. This shows that Henry is taking all precautions to protect his country from all aspects. Another example of Henry taking his responsibilities seriously is when he executes his three friends Cambridge, Scroop, Gray and an old friend Bardolf. Henry executes Bardolf as an example to his men and to the French. It shows what type of king they can expect. Henry executes Cambridge, Scroop and Gray as they were not only plotting to kill Henry but tried to ruin everyone in England. This shows Henry isn’t afraid to take difficult decisions as they were his friends but executed them for his country. Henry takes his responsibilities seriously for his country. Thirdly, in the scripts of Henry V it shows Henry as a religious man, which leads me to believe he isn’t a war criminal. To show that Henry is religious, Shakespeare uses constant references to God in his speeches throughout the play. Also Henry says to the French ambassador, who was sent to England with an insulting gift of tennis balls, that â€Å"we are no tyrant but Christian king†. This shows he is religious in his own eyes. In addition to this, Henry asks two priests, Canterbury and Ely to explain the salic law, which allows people to inherit the throne only through men and not women but Henry wants to inherit the French throne through his great – grandmother which the French claim cannot be done. Henry asks Canterbury and Ely for advice and asks them â€Å"justly and religiously†, whether he can claim the French throne or not. More importantly he has to make sure he does not want his soldiers lives on his conscience. Further more, the night before Agincourt, Henry prays to God. He feels he has to apologise for his father’s crime of murdering Richard II and thinks God may take blame on his soldiers and prays he doesn’t. He asks God to look after him and his men’s lives and not turn against them at battle. Later on, after the battle of Agincourt, Henry thanks God by saying â€Å"praised it be God and not our strength for it†. This shows he feels that without God they wouldn’t have won the battle. That their strength couldn’t have done it without help. Henry dedicates the victory to God. Next reason is that Henry is a inspirational leader. This is revealed by the country’s reaction to war. For instance when describing the scene, chorus states â€Å"now all the youth of England are on fire†. This illustrates the country is uniting which was the advice Henry was given by his father on his deathbed. It is also shown in Henrys speeches. In the speech, Harfleur, Henry gives the men something to fight for as he talks to them as though they are all equal and making them remember there fathers to fight as good as them. The king tells them they will all become role models for people who haven’t got courage. Henry is expressing his confidence in them. Henry uses similes like greyhounds are hunting the enemies, which is what the soldiers are doing to the French. Henry right at the end shouts a battle cry, which inspires the men even more. Overall Henry was trying to make them feel good about themselves and not like bad war warriors. In the speech, Agincourt, Henry uses the same techniques in the Harfleur speech. Henry uses a public display of confidence to boost their courage. Henry tells his soldiers that they will get a lot of glory and that they will be remembered. He tells them they are all equal and that they will all bond together. Henry in his speech is not forcing them to do anything they don’t want. Henry tells them they are very special. Henry works the speech into a crescendo, getting louder and louder, making the men get more positive as it goes on. This does the same effect as the Harfleur speeches making the men want to fight. Also, Henry leads by example. This shown in the Agincourt speech and the night before, as when the king was in disguise he said, ‘I myself heard the king say he would not be ransomed’. Also the king tells the Herald just before the battle to leave them alone as he would not be ransomed. As well as that, Henry shares hardships of his men as he makes them feel all equal. Henry feels and acts just like them, common humanity. This is shown in the speeches and the night before Agincourt, where he says ‘ I think the king is but a man as I am’. Henry fights with his men and doesn’t sit back and watch. He feels he should go to battle aswel, making him and his men more equal. Also Henry is very fair and just, this is shown as the king is responsible for the order and peace of his kingdom and Henry deals with this correctly, as he gives the country a stable and fair government. There are two examples of Henry upholding the law. The first is shown in the execution of Bardolph as Henry is operating martial law, no trial. He executes Bardolph as he robbed a French church and he wants to set an example to his soldiers and to the French. This is to show what kind of king he can be to the French citizens. The second example is the execution of Cambridge, Scroop and Gray. This is where three friends of Henry try to endanger him and the whole country, They get executed because they could ruin the whole country, so the act is not of vengeance and he is not using the law as his private means of revenge. The three traitors beg for mercy but the king ignores this, as he cannot forgive someone for doing a crime as everyone may start doing it. Both of these decisions are very difficult for Henry to make as they are his friends but he takes his responsibilities and the law very seriously. This shows he is fair in giving equal treatment to everyone. All that I have mentioned above are showing Henry in a positive light and are good characteristics for an ideal king who takes his responsibilities seriously. However, the other side to Henry, the ruthlessness, doesn’t show him as an inspirational king. Henry does certain things in the play, which would be thought of as controversial today. Henry is very ruthless. For example, when Henry sets the trap for the three traitors; Cambridge, Scroop and Gray. He plays with them making them think they are getting their commissions for the army but instead they are being given death warrants. This shows dramatic irony as the only three people it mainly concerns doesn’t know what’s going on. Henry uses ironic words throughout the scene like ‘kind and gentle knight’. The scene is very ambiguous as he is making them believe that he doesn’t suspect them as they are close friends but really Henry is saying he is going to sort out the traitors, basically they think they are safe but they are not. There are a lot of veiled threats given by the king but are missed by Cambridge, Scroop and Gray. The three traitors use a lot of hypocrisy as they declare their loyalty which is known by us, doesn’t exist. Cambridge, Scroop and Gray make it worse for themselves as they say that Henry should punish a man for a little crime, as everyone will do it otherwise. So this shows for a big crime like treason he cannot be merciful. They are condemning themselves. In the end of the scene they ask for mercy, which the king ignores. Henry describes them as ‘English monsters’. Although this isn’t an act of private vengeance, as they put the whole country at danger and Henry is looking out for the country. Also Henry threatens the people of Harfleur. This is psychological warfare, as he doesn’t carry out the threats. Henry is very cunning in this scene as he puts the destruction of Harfleur on its people. This is done by Henry describing what he will do if they don’t surrender, first of all he threatens to set the town on fire, this is shown when he says ‘Till in her ashes she lie buried’. Henry also says he’ll rape all the girls, illustrating this is ‘Defile the locks of your shrill – shrieking daughters’ and he says he will smash in the old men’s heads, shown when he says ‘Your fathers heads dashed to the walls’. The last thing Henry said he will do is kill the children with spikes, ‘Your naked infants spitted upon pikes’. If the threats that Henry has described really did take place he would be known as a war criminal but Harfleur surrendered before anything could happen so Henry is known as a hero to France and his men not as a war criminal. Henry does this to make France see what kind of king he is as he was told by the Duke of Exeter ‘Use mercy to them all’, so the French don’t think he is a bad king. All Henry is basically doing is working on their imagination. This is not controversial to Henrys’ contemporaries as his first responsibilities are to his own soldiers. Another controversial thing Henry has done is the killing of all the French prisoners, which would have been classed as a war crime today but not in Henrys time. Henry loses his temper and does this out of revenge but I feel this is justified because the French went against the law and killed all the young boys who would of only been armed with a pen knife. This was wrong and the French deserved what they got. It was also a very responsible thing to do as there are not enough soldiers to guard the prisoners and to go into battle as the English are still out numbered five to one, so really it is an important decision to make. There is no criticism from Henrys own soldiers as this is shown when Gower says ‘This king most worthily hath †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Oh, ’tis a gallant king!’ They think Henry has not really committed a crime as the French started it and he was only retaliating. Although I considered the facts about Henry, I don’t feel he committed a crime. Hence I think Henry is not a war criminal but hero as he only does controversial things to help his country and he takes his responsibilities seriously.

“A Rose For Emily” by William Faulkner †Foreshadowing Essay

Foreshadowing is often used by an author to heighten the interest in the story. The author of â€Å"A Rose for Emily† foreshadows the discovery of Homer Barron’s body in a few different ways. The smell that develops around Emily’s house, and Homer never returning to Emily’s house are both foreshadowing what happens later in the story. When Emily went into the drug store saying â€Å"‘ I want the best you have. I don’t care what kind'†,(William Faulkner) and purchased rat poison, it immediately informed the reader that somebody is the story was going to die. While reading this story, I believed that Emily purchased the rat poison in order to kill herself, not Homer Barron. Right at the end of the story, when the door to the house gets opened, the Negro immediately leaves, which indicates that he has got something to hide. We soon find out that he indeed had something to hide, Homer Barron’s body. Emily Grierson’s portrayal of reality is completely different from the reality surrounding her. Emily doesn’t allow the mayor to put up a mailbox in front of her house, and refuses to accept the fact that there might be mail coming to her house. She believes that since she doesn’t have any actual friends, there will be no mail getting delivered to her house. She believes that since nobody is friends with her, she should have no mail. Emily refuses to accept a lot of things. She also refuses to pay taxes because she has â€Å"‘no taxes in Jefferson (William Faulkner). After her father’s death Emily had been dismissed of paying taxes and had still not realized that time had gone by and things had changed. Emily also refused to accept her father’s death and follow the rules at the pharmacy when asked to identify the reason she that she needs rat poison. Emily Grierson does not seem to understand that things change as time passes by. Homer may have changed his mind about being with Emily, but Emily did not want to accept this fact. This may have c aused her to keep Homer with her forever, in her own, sick, twisted way.

Critically review weiland and wisley's statement in the light of state Essay

Critically review weiland and wisley's statement in the light of state policies and intervention using a specified international event. (cricket world cup or th - Essay Example far less attention in countries with a far lesser fan following, would that not be enough reason to consider an unprejudiced analysis of the circumstances of sporting defeats? With the changing scenario in the cricket world, the major test playing nations are implementing strict policy measures and considering unorthodox methods to enhance the waning credibility of the sport. Clearly most of these tactics are designed to satisfy the incensed sports supporters – a strong opposition to contend with. Some of the most conservative national cricket boards and cricketing councils are compelled to take surprising stands, clearly out of desperation. It is quite evident that these strategies are a direct outcome of the open mass condemnation targeted at poor player performance. The International Cricket Council (ICC) is the international governing body of cricket. Founded as the Imperial Cricket Conference in 1909 by representatives from England, Australia and South Africa, it assumed its current name in 1989. With 97 members, 10 of which are official test match playing nations, the ICC controls and organises the major international tournaments, and appoints umpires and referees who officiate at all sanctioned international one-day and test matches. The ICC establishes and implements the ICC Code of Conduct, which puts forth the professional standards of discipline for international cricket, and also coordinates action against corruption and match fixing through its Anti-Corruption and Security Unit (ACSU). While the ICC d regulates international cricket, the national governing bodies of some of the highly regarded test playing nations include the BCCI (Board of Control for Cricket in India), PCB (Pakistan Cricket Board), ECB (England and Wales Cricket Board), and United Cricket Board (South Africa’s national cricket association). Some of the lesser-known cricketing nations also have established regulatory bodies including Ireland (Irish Cricket Union) and Holland.

Discipline Profile on Real estate sales Research Paper

Discipline Profile on Real estate sales - Research Paper Example 6). In house language consists of jargons mostly drawn from business and law and at times the construction industry. For example, words such as a balloon mortgage might not mean much to an ordinary person but in a realtor’s office, it makes all sense. This reason creates a difference in the language used in academics and professional practise of a real estate agent. In school and other educational facilities, real estate students learn and diversify both the professional terms and learn people skills and language (â€Å"Become a REALTOR ®Ã¢â‚¬  par. 2). The sole reason for this is that these students usually do not end up all in the same field. Some do research into real estate field while others become advisors to firms, and only a number become real estate sales agents (â€Å"NAR: About NAR: Careers in Real Estate† par. 10). These sales agents are professionals in their respect. In addition, their professional field experience usually involves both the knowledge o f professional terms and language and how to interact with clients. These agents need to have all the information about setting prices and negotiating to achieve great deals. Negotiation as a feature of language involves the compromise of position, the art of conviction, and the instrument of language that enables one to achieve consensus even in hostile conditions (Lipman 145). This language focuses on establishing and building relationships with clients and knowing their likes and interests in a property. This technique combines words with actions and splits language into verbal and non-verbal. The non-verbal language creates a sense of hospitality and openness. It makes the client trust the agent and in doing this the agent can get to know how to best deal with this customer (â€Å"NAR: About NAR: Careers in Real Estate† par. 2). Therefore, in general, language used in real estate sales primarily borrows from

Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 25

Case Study - Essay Example Integrating with another company allowed Wal-Mart to gain retail facilities and employees quickly, which saved time  and prevented lost profit. Additionally, it eliminated competition by doing business first with its competitors. This brought Wal-Mart time to gain excellent position in the market while avoiding tough competition with established retailers, which could result in huge losses for the â€Å"newcomer.† Once Wal-Mart opens its own stores, it employs its classic â€Å"pile ‘em high, sell ‘em cheap† strategy, which has a universal appeal to consumers. This strategy worked best at times of recession and in emerging markets since it is when and where buyers want to make the most out of their money. Because of its extensive reach and strong customer patronage, Wal-Mart virtually controls what goes into the households in the areas it dominates. Fears that Wal-Mart is becoming â€Å"too powerful† have been roared by activists and sufficiently echoed by the media. Many companies, producers, and buyers are afraid that Wal-Mart will soon be monopolizing the global retail market. Hence, activists and the media, backed by producers and retailers, are strengthening their opposition to Wal-Mart. Also, some retailers in Mexico, who were previously competitors, have begun collaborating to match the giant retailer. Yet the greatest challenge for Wal-Mart is the possibility that consumers may share the fears for a â€Å"too powerful† retailer. This fear could easily spread as many shops have already shut down as a result of Wal-Mart’s presence. In 2001, Wal-Mart earned more than three times that of its strongest competitor. However, the figures are not indicative of global performance since much of its revenue comes from North America. Considering its U.S. performance, it has fared badly internationally, particularly in countries which are drastically different

The development of risk Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The development of risk - Essay Example A properly organised fieldwork enables learners to develop their competency level, skills and knowledge that further improves the value of classroom education. Due to the outstanding learning nature of the outdoor education, it is more likely to have a positive impact on the learner’s experience. On the other hand, outdoor education involving adventure gives a more practical experience to learners, which further enhances their learning process for better cognitive development (Rickinson, & et. al., 2004). Contextually, Management Information System is a process that involves collection of data and information through different sources and storing. The relevant data and information is further utilised for various decision making process to increase the effectiveness. The outdoor learning process improves the level of knowledge of learners and information gathered throughout the learning process assist in making various decisions effectively. For any organisation, management inf ormation system plays a crucial role, as it is the major source of all the relevant information. Information system ensures that data collected reach its required target and assists in strong decision-making. The system is responsible to meet the information need of each individual, groups as well as management of the organisation (Oz, 2008; Alcami & Caranana, n.d.). Outdoor learning in schools allows students, directly connect with the natural environment. Improved access to environment has a positive health and environmental benefits on students and their risk making assessment. Outdoor education improves the learning process to a considerable degree. Outdoor learning helps to enhance self-concept that leads to improved self-efficacy. Learning combined with natural environment enhances the self-confidence of learners as well as results in spiritual development. On the other hand, it facilitates team bonding as well as cooperation

Ethical Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ethical Development - Essay Example Either way it is a stage that we all go through. For me, even with all the identity crisis, this stage was a learning process. My adolescence development was a success because of the immense support given by my parents and siblings. I am biologically mature and psychologically prepared to face the adulthood life challenges. During this time I learnt that honesty is a virtue. With the confusion of identity discovery, I learnt that doing things in line with my spiritual self was good enough to reconnect me with my lost source which is important to establish an ego structure. An ego identity is essential in making a career choice (Erikson) or even marriage partner and that is what I have to realize even though I am still on a journey to establishing my career. My adolescence stage, I can say, taught me the principle of commitment and trust. Even though fidelity was achieved, trust and commitment towards what we undertake mirrors the internal fidelity within. Trusting myself has enabled me to have a healthy relationship with other people. I believe having that inner intuition and an internal guidance system wil l help in making future life choices as well as keep me safe from myself. Like other adolescents I was caught up in the tension between internal forces within me and the society expectation of me. The pressure from the society on behaving in certain ways and dressing in particular manners was too much that it made me unsure of what I really wanted. In thought, the society needs to understand that it is a stage and leave the adolescents to go through it in peace, but if that was the case, we would all be a lost generation. In reality the society tries the best way it knows to bring sanity to the individual. What they do not understand is that the adolescent stage is a cunning one and if they do not rebel, they will do whatever is said for the sake of it. This was the challenge I

Public Finance in the Health Care System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Public Finance in the Health Care System - Essay Example As of July 2013, the census Bureau of the US gives an estimation that the total population of this state of Vermont stood at 626, 630 people (Abrahamsen, 2012). This represented an increase of 0.14%, when compared to the census of 2010. The state of Vermont has an increase in the aging population, and on this basis, there is an increase in the provision of aging health care services within the economy of the state (Abrahamsen, 2012). The Allen Fletcher Health is considered as the biggest private health provider in the state of Vermont, with an employee base of around 7,100 people. As of the year 2010, the entire bill that patients in the hospital paid amounted to 3.76 billion dollars. Currently, 92,000 people have enrolled for the Medicare program. It is important to denote that as of 2011, Medicare was able to spend 740 million dollars on the health care of the state (Deary and sBrown, 2001). The financial capacity of the state is very stable, and it has been able to achieve a balanced budget, since the year 1991 (Deary and sBrown, 2001). The state has an enterprise fund, for purposes of sponsoring activities that would reduce social and economic problems like unemployment, drug abuse, etc. For purposes of understanding the economic strength of Vermont, the state has an individual’s per capita income of 38,306 dollars. On the other hand, the general size of the public sector is 24.3%, when compared to that of the private sector which amounts to 36.6% (Abrahamsen, 2012). Based on these grounds, the private sector is wider than the public sector. The tax system of this state is also favorable, and one of the unleast fair tax structure in the United States. This is because the tax structure gives income tax credit to low waged workers. This is for purposes of ensuring that there is an equitable distribution of resources. One of the health care reforms initiated

The South East Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

The South East Plan - Essay Example From the discussion it is clear that the main issue of concern within the plan is affordable housing. Affordable housing can be defined as the provision of housing through the use of a subsidy obtained from local authorities such that rent will be considerably lower than prevailing market prices. The plan suggests that number and quality of affordable houses should be increased.This essay stresses that  the main reason is that there are a number of homeless households in the South East Region. These households need to be catered for in the housing plan. Statistics from the Regional Housing Strategy show that 4.5% of households in the region belong to this category and together they represent a whooping 11% of all the homeless households in England. These facts necessitate a need for immediate action to be taken and this is why housing is relevant as an issue in the plan.  Housing also needs to be addressed as a main issue because there is a serious need for affordability in this area. Renting and purchasing houses in South East is too expensive; the area is the second most expensive place to rent in England. This poses a serious problem to development in the region because people find themselves living in distant houses. This means that most of their time is spent while commuting. Commuting brings about more carbon wastes, thus contributing to poor air quality and pollution in general. In addition, commuting causes a waste of time and resources that could otherwise have been directed to more productive issues.

Business Case Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4750 words

Business Case - Coursework Example First, we discuss the appropriate nature of the topic, define its focus or scope, describe and explain the context in which the paper aims to answer the research question and the peripheral questions that proceed from the search for the answers, establish the rationale for the paper, and enumerate clearly the aims and objectives for the study. Like other observable facts of life, there are two ways of knowing the purpose of a thing. One can observe and discover what that thing does, or if one knows how that thing came to be, that is, it was created by another rational person to whom we can talk, there is a simpler way: to ask. After years of daily observation and questioning, it is this researcher's common understanding that a business is an artificial (something created or put together, as opposed to natural, that is, existing in nature) form of social organisation that fulfils three main goals: it keeps the person who created it busy, it provides the same person some amount of income, and it provides a product or service that meets a need of a portion of society. At the start of the research study, this researcher considered these as the main purposes of a business, and as long as these purposes are met, the business becomes an ongoing and sustainable concern as the income generated allows the business to continue in existence. However, once any of these purposes is not met, either the business ceases to exist or a new business with a different set of purposes is created. This is the intellectual position of the researcher. The research question for this paper is a variation of the same theme: what is the business of business What is the purpose of a

Has our society become excessively materialistic - SAT essay Essay Example for Free

Has our society become excessively materialistic SAT essay Essay Though it cannot be denied that modern society is profoundly materialistic, there is nothing inherently wrong with a society that values the production and consumption of material goods. Ample historical evidence suggests that societies that devalue capital wealth and material gain will be unstable and short-lived. Materialism – whatever value we place upon it – creates a stable societal structure. Just turn on the television, peruse the magazine covers in a supermarket, listen to any one of the top forty radio hits and you will be immediately faced with the rampant materialism of modern society. What do we value? Material wealth and celebrity. Why do we worship Paris Hilton, Bill Gates, Jeff Bezos. Steve Jobs? Because they have tremendous buying power and perceived power. What shows do we watch? American Idol, Cribs, Pimp My Ride, My Sweet 16 to name a few. All these shows lift conspicuous consumption and flagrant displays of wealth and hedonism to elevated levels. Our society is very much like the ancient materialistic society of Rome- in which wealth and power were paramount. Thus it cannot be denied that a materialist spirit pervades modern society. But who’s to say that materialism is wrong? Our philosophers praise the virtues of materialism. Our prophets include the venerable John Smith, Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Keynes and all the myriad materialistic philosophers. And how the anti-materialist philosophers have waned in influence and been discarded to the waste bin of history: Karl Marx, Lenin, Charles Fourrier all have been relegated to the trash heap. Capitalism is the ethos of the day- the driving force of our world. Just ask the Chinese, the Russians, who have discarded their antiquated philosophies in exchange for a more durable, albeit potentially cynical materialism. Materialism acknowledges our innate desire to have more than our neighbors, to do better than the Jones. Because it caters to an inborn human need, materialism will always provide a more stable structure for a society. Modern society is deeply materialistic. That’s because materialism works. It validates human needs and desires and works with man’s actual structure rather than the same lofty ideal or fantasy. Let us then celebrate our pervasive materialism and acknowledge its efficacy and virtue. Source: http://www.applerouth.com/blog/2009/06/01/in-praise-of-folly-writing-the-sat-essay/

Search for My Tongue and Presents form My Aunts in Pakistan Essay Example for Free

Search for My Tongue and Presents form My Aunts in Pakistan Essay In this essay I shall compare the ways in which each poem describes being part of two different cultures. The word culture is a religion or a belief you belong to or something shared by people. A culture can be a Somalian culture in which we like to eat rice however I am also a part of British culture which I like to eat fish and chips. In my opinion I think it is important to belong to a culture because it represents you and what you do in your life. If you are part of more than one culture you will have a clash. The moral of a Muslim culture says dont steal furthermore the school culture, kids may tell you to steal. We have been looking at these two poems exploring these themes. The first poem is Presents from My Aunts in Pakistan. This tells the story of a teenage girl who does not feel comfortable in the Pakistani clothes sent to her by her relatives but prefers wearing denim and corduroy, which are her everyday clothes in England. The second poem we have been investigating is Search for My Tongue. It examines about a young adult that forgot about her two tongues which means her two languages. The poet testify that she forgot her native tongue which is Guajarati and knows her foreign tongue on the other hand she feels uncomfortable talking at the same time using both languages. Although the poem is using the same metaphor, one talks about a young teenager who is confused in her own thoughts. The young teenager cannot decide whether she is more British or Pakistani. The other poem called Search debates about mother tongue and foreign tongue. A mother tongue is the language that you were born with alternatively a foreign tongue is a language that you learn by yourself. Even though the poems have many differences, theyre also equivalent because they both use a metaphor, which means when something is represents things we cannot see, hear, touch, taste and smell because they are abstract. An example would be a fire which symbolizes anger or exasperation. However, the metaphors are conflicting in each poem. In Presents from My Aunts in Pakistan it is clothes that show her identity and her culture; whilst in Search for My Tongue it is tongue which represents her language. I will introduce the poem by demonstrating how Moniza Alvi develops that idea that the young teenager is torn apart being half British and half Pakistani through her feelings about clothes. At first, the clothes from her aunts are brilliant; she describes the salwar kameez an exotic peacock blue. An example would be they sent me a salwar kameez peacock blue. In this quotation she is suggesting the peacock an exotic bird that has beauty and confidence which contrasts with her feelings. Blue suggests peace, which contrasts her inner conflict and her low self esteem. An example would be a fractured land. In this extract she is feeling another side of her identity she tries to imagine how it might have been if shed lived in Lahore instead, and wonders would she have been more or less at home or still feeling torn apart from two cultures which are the Pakistani culture and the British culture. However, the clothes can also hurt her, for example, candy stripped bangles snapped drew blood. In this quotation she is sensitive and fragile because it indicates her. The word blood suggests her cultural identity which is Pakistani culture. The word snapped specifies that she has been torn apart from two different cultures. The clothes make her feel awkward for example satin silken top was alien. In this extract the girl in Present feels that she is alien and alien implies she does not belong in this world. The word alienated is a use of oxymoron because alien and sitting room does not go together. The poet us oxymoron because you should feel at home when you are sitting in the sitting room however the girl in Presents she feels uncomfortable sitting in her living room wearing her Pakistani clothes. The clothes remind her that she is half-English, which makes her feel uncomfortable and at the same time, she says the clothes are radiant in the wardrobe. Even though she isnt wearing them, they seem full of light and beauty compared with her other things. She is drawn to the flourishing colours. The girl in Presents form My Aunts in Pakistan feels that she would be more relaxed in her everyday English clothes. An example would be I longed for denim and corduroy. In this quotation she is showing that she really likes the British clothes. Denim and corduroy symbolizes British clothes. They are dull and normal unlike beautiful satin silken clothes. This tells us that her Pakistani clothes which are stunning contrast with her lifeless British clothes which were bought from MS. As her English friend dont like her Pakistani clothes, for example, did not impress her school friend. In this extract the English people are shown not value Indian culture. The girl internalises this idea. Her English friend does not like the bright colours of Indian clothes she likes the dull English clothes. However, the girl in Presents admires the delicate way the clothes have been made. An example would be I admire the mirror work. In this extract she tries to see her identity in the Asian clothes drown to her beauty. It also shows her mixed feelings about her heritage; she loves it and hates it at the same time. The opening part of Search for My Tongue is that the girl feels like she is making you imagine having a voice. An example of this would be I have lost my tongue. In this extract the tongue represents her language she has lost part of herself. Tongue sounds more physical and more painful. This is similar to Presents because it connects to the candy stripped bangles she is sensitive and fragile which connects to Searchso both of the poems we can see that they are in pain. In Search for My tongue a powerful image shows the awkwardness of having two languages. An example would be two tongues in your mouth. In this quotation she feels awkward in her mouth. As two tongues are in her mouth she feels muddle up and confused as she cant talk English and Guajarati at the same time. This is similar to Presents because the girl feels that her clothes have clung to her. It connects with Search as both show awkwardness. Also, they both suggest that the main characters have to make a choice between two cultures. You cant have both. As the poet feels it is impossible to combine both languages. For example, you could not use them both together. In this extract she suggests having two tongues puzzle you. This is similar to Presents for the reason that the girl does not feel right with Pakistani clothes she likes wearing her dull every day clothes which are denim and corduroy. The poet sometimes feels she is losing her native language. An example would be I thought I spit it out. In this quotation she feels that she is rejecting her native language and she is feeling that she is losing it. In contrasts with Presents she does not feel comfortable wearing her Pakistani clothes. Both of the poems have similarities which they are both lost and dont know what culture they are from. The two poems are also different in their use of structure which means when something is laid out or it makes something clear. Sometimes, structure is hidden. It is important to understand the structure because the poet lays out the poem so it emphasis the poem. An example would be when the poet uses rhythm and rhyme. We notice that then the other normal rules. In Presents Form My Aunts in Pakistan, she uses symmetrical structure she does not follow a path she follows her thoughts and memories as the girl is confused. The poet shows the flow of her thoughts as how one memory triggers another. First of all the poet starts of talking about her salwar kameez. Then she goes of and talks about her mothers jewellery then she goes back to her birth place which triggers her thoughts about her real culture which is Pakistani culture.

Fundamentals of block coding

Fundamentals of block coding ABSTRACT In this essay the basic fundamentals of block coding as a type of forward error correction code, as well as an example of such a code, are examined, in order to highlight the importance of error correction in digital communication systems. In the first part, the theory around error correction codes and types is presented with special emphasis on the block codes, their properties and the problems they encounter. In the second part the most popular block code, Reed-Solomon code, is discussed along with its mathematical formulation and the most common applications that implement it. INTRODUCTION Over the past years, there has been an extraordinary development in digital communications especially in the areas of mobile phones, personal computers, satellites, and computer communication. In these digital communication systems, data is represented as a sequence of 0s and 1s. These binary bits are expressed as analog signal waveforms and then transmitted over a communication channel. Communication channels, though, induce interference and noise to the transmitted signal and corrupt it. At the receiver, the corrupted transmitted signal is modulated back to binary bits. The received binary data is an evaluation of the binary data being transmitted. Bit errors may occur because of the transmission and that number of errors depends on the communication channels interference and noise amount. Channel coding is used in digital communications to protect the digital data and reduce the number of bit errors caused by noise and interference. Channel coding is mostly achieved by adding redundant bits into the transmitted data. These additional bits allow the detection and correction of the bit errors in the received information, thus providing a much more reliable transmission. The cost of using channel coding to protect the transmitted information is a reduction in data transfer rate or an increase in bandwidth. 1. FORWARD ERROR CORRECTION BLOCK CODES 1.1 ERROR DETECTION CORRECTION Error detection and correction are methods to make sure that information is transmitted error free, even across unreliable networks or media. Error detection is the ability to detect errors due to noise, interference or other problems to the communication channel during transmission from the transmitter to the receiver. Error correction is the ability to, furthermore, recreate the initial, error-free information. There are two basic protocols of channel coding for an error detection-correction system: Automatic Repeat-reQuest (ARQ): In this protocol, the transmitter, along with the data, sends an error detection code, that the receiver then uses to check if there are errors present and requests retransmission of erroneous data, if found. Usually, this request is implicit. The receiver sends back an acknowledgement of data received correctly, and the transmitter sends again anything not acknowledged by the receiver, as fast as possible. Forward Error Correction (FEC): In this protocol, the transmitter implements an error-correcting code to the data and sends the coded information. The receiver never sends any messages or requests back to the transmitter. It just decodes what it receives into the most likely data. The codes are constructed in a way that it would take a great amount of noise to trick the receiver interpreting the data wrongly. 1.2 FORWARD ERROR CORRECTION (FEC) As mentioned above, forward error correction is a system of controlling the errors that occur in data transmission, where the sender adds additional information to its messages, also known as error correction code. This gives the receiver the power to detect and correct errors (partially) without requesting additional data from the transmitter. This means that the receiver has no real-time communication with the sender, thus cannot verify whether a block of data was received correctly or not. So, the receiver must decide about the received transmission and try to either repair it or report an alarm. The advantage of forward error correction is that a channel back to the sender is not needed and retransmission of data is usually avoided (at the expense, of course, of higher bandwidth requirements). Therefore, forward error correction is used in cases where retransmissions are rather costly or even impossible to be made. Specifically, FEC data is usually implemented to mass storage devices, in order to be protected against corruption to the stored data. However, forward error connection techniques add a heavy burden on the channel by adding redundant data and delay. Also, many forward error correction methods do not quite respond to the actual environment and the burden is there whether needed or not. Another great disadvantage is the lower data transfer rate. However, FEC methods reduce the requirements for power variety. For the same amount of power, a lower error rate can be achieved. The communication in this situation remains simple and the receiver alone has the responsibility of error detection and correction. The sender complexity is avoided and is now entirely assigned to the receiver. Forward error correction devices are usually placed close to the receiver, in the first step of digital processing of an analog signal that has been received. In other words, forward error correction systems are often a necessary part of the analog to digital signal conversion operation that also contain digital mapping and demapping, or line coding and decoding. Many forward error correction coders can also produce a bit-error rate (BER) signal that can be used as feedback to optimize the received analog circuits. Software controlled algorithms, such as the Viterbi decoder, can receive analog data, and output digital data. The maximum number of errors a forward error correction system can correct is initially defined by the design of the code, so different FEC codes are suitable for different situations. The three main types of forward error correction codes are: Block codes that work on fixed length blocks (packets) of symbols or bits with a predefined size. Block codes can often be decoded in polynomial time to their block size. Convolutional codes that work on symbol or bit streams of indeterminate size. They are usually decoded with the Viterbi algorithm, though other algorithms are often used as well. Viterbi algorithm allows infinite optimal decoding efficiency by increasing limited length of the convolutional code, but at the cost of greatly increasing complexity. A convolutional code can be transformed into a block code, if needed. Interleaving codes that have alleviating properties for fading channels and work well combined with the other two types of forward error correction coding. 1.3 BLOCK CODING 1.3.1 OVERVIEW Block coding was the first type of channel coding implemented in early mobile communication systems. There are many types of block coding, but among the most used ones the most important is Reed-Solomon code, that is presented in the second part of the coursework, because of its extensive use in famous applications. Hamming, Golay, Multidimensional parity and BCH codes are other well-known examples of classical block coding. The main feature of block coding is that it is a fixed size channel code (in contrary to source coding schemes such as Huffman coders, and channel coding techniques as convolutional coding). Using a preset algorithm, block coders take a k-digit information word, S and transform it into an n-digit codeword, C(s). The block size of such a code will be n. This block is examined at the receiver, which then decides about the validity of the sequence it received. 1.3.2 FORMAL TYPE As mentioned above, block codes encode strings taken from an alphabet set S into codewords by encoding each letter of S independently. Suppose (k1, k2,, km) is a sequence of natural numbers that each one less than |S| . If S=s1,s2,,sn and a specific word W is written as W = sk1 sk2 skn , then the codeword that represents W, that is to say C(W), is: C(W) = C(sk1) C(sk2) C (skm) 1.3.3 HAMMING DISTANCE Hamming Distance is a rather significant parameter in block coding. In continuous variables, distance is measured as length, angle or vector. In the binary field, distance between two binary words, is measured by the Hamming distance. Hamming distance is the number of different bits between two binary sequences with the same size. It, basically, is a measure of how apart binary objects are. For example, the Hamming distance between the sequences: 101 and 001 is 1 and between the sequences: 1010100 and 0011001 is 4. Hamming distance is a variable of great importance and usefulness in block coding. The knowledge of Hamming distance can determine the capability of a block code to detect and correct errors. The maximum number of errors a block code can detect is: t = dmin 1, where dmin is the Hamming distance of the codewords. A code with dmin = 3, can detect 1 or 2 bit errors. So the Hamming distance of a block code is preferred to be as high as possible since it directly effects the codes ability to detect bit errors. This also means that in order to have a big Hamming distance, codewords need to be larger, which leads to additional overhead and reduced data bit rate. After detection, the number of errors that a block code can correct is given by: t(int) = (dmin 1)/2 1.3.4 PROBLEMS IN BLOCK CODING Block codes are constrained by the sphere packing problem that has been quite significant in the last years. This is easy to picture in two dimensions. For example, if someone takes some pennies flat on the table and push them together, the result will be a hexagon pattern like a bees nest. Block coding, though, relies on more dimensions which cannot be visualized so easily. The famous Golay code, for instance, applied in deep space communications uses 24 dimensions. If used as a binary code (which very often it is,) the dimensions refer to the size of the codeword as specified above. The theory of block coding uses the N-dimensional sphere model. For instance, what number of pennies can be packed into a circle on a tabletop or in 3-dimensional model, what number of marbles can be packed into a globe. Its all about the codes choice. Hexagon packing, for example, in a rectangular box will leave the four corners empty. Greater number of dimensions means smaller percentage of empty spaces, until eventually at a certain number the packing uses all the available space. These codes are called perfect codes and there are very few of them. The number of a single codewords neighbors is another detail which is usually overlooked in block coding. Back to the pennies example again, first pennies are packed in a rectangular grid. Each single penny will have four direct neighbors (and another four at the four corners that are farther away). In the hexagon formation, each single penny will have six direct neighbors. In the same way, in three and four dimensions there will be twelve and twenty-four neighbors, respectively. Thus, increasing the number of dimensions, the close neighbors increase rapidly. This results in that noise finds numerous ways to make the receiver choose a neighbor, hence an error. This is a fundamental constraint of block coding, and coding in general. It may be more difficult to cause an error to one neighbor, but the number of neighbors can be so big that the probability of total error actually suffers.

Physics of Electric Guitars :: physics music guitar

Electric guitars play a very important role in today's music. Without it, we would be stuck with the acoustic guitar, which has limited volume, and a narrow range of sounds it can produce. Understanding just exactly how the electric guitar works isn't as intuitive as with the acoustic. With this website, I attempt to brighten the knowledge people have on the physics behind the electric guitar, since one cannot appreciate something, truly, until he knows how it works. The Acoustic guitar, originating from Spain, has been around since the 1500s. It wasn't till the 1920's with the advent of swing and big band music that musicians needed louder instruments. The acoustic guitar, even with steel strings, was simply too quiet. At this time, Los Angeles musicians, George Beauchamp and John Dopyera started working on figuring out how to make the acoustic guitar louder. After a few failures, Dopyera came up with the idea to put aluminum disks onto the body of the acoustic guitar. These disks would then resonate and increase the volume about 3 to 5 times. In 1927, the two founded the National String Instrument Co., which patented this resonator design. Due to internal problems, Dopyera fired Beauchamp in 1930 and then eventually even sold the company, patenting the resonator with his brother under a new company named "Dobro". Beauchamp, a bit unhappy about being fired, set out to figure out a different way to increase the volume of the guitar. Even before, as early as 1925, he had been experimenting with phonograph needles and produced a single string electric guitar that would "pick up" the vibration in the string and turn it into sound. He then started experimenting with ways to pick-up the vibration of all 6 strings, each string seperately. After months of experimentation he and Paul Barth developed a working pick-up made of 2 horse-shoe magnets and 6 coils of wire with electric current running through them. With this new pick-up, Beauchamp had Harry Watson carve a body for his first electric guitar. They called this the "Frying Pan" due to its similar shape. This was the first guitar fitted with an electric pick-up. Around the same time, Llyod Loar, acoustical engineer for Gibson, had started marketing a new Spanish style acoustic electric guitar. Loar, famous for the mandolin, headed the subdivision of Gibson responsible for producing these guitars, named Vivi-Tone. This guitar actually failed, but had left the idea that acoustic guitars with electric pickups were the way to go for Gibson.

Comparing Creons Metamorphosis in Antigone, Oedipus the King, and Oedi

Creon's Metamorphosis in Antigone, Oedipus the King, and Oedipus at Colonus      Ã‚  Ã‚   Temptation is ever present in our society and always has been throughout human history. When a person gives into temptation, this is seen as a sign of weakness. Usually, after a person has given into temptation once, that person will find each successive temptation easier and easier to give in to. Before realizing it, this person has changed into a completely false, morally lacking being. Over the course of Sophocles' three plays Antigone, Oedipus the King, and Oedipus at Colonus, Creon gradually changes from a moral, just king into a morally corrupt and deceptive character.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the opening of the first Theban play, Oedipus the King, Creon is a neutral character. He informs Oedipus that the city of Thebes is suffering from a great sickness, and he even goes to Apollo to acquire information as to how this plague may be stopped. Oedipus proclaims Creon's trustworthy nature when he states "I sent Creon,/ my wife's own brother, to Delphi- / Apollo the Prophet's oracle-to learn / what I might do or say to save our city" (Lines 81-84). Oedipus later relies on Creon to arrange a meeting with Teirisias, the blind prophet who sees all things and is usually found within the city limits of Thebes.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Later on in the play Oedipus accuses Creon of conspiring with Tiresias against Oedipus' kingship. It is at this point in the play where Creon serves as the voice of reason and logic. Dodging Oedipus' insane accusations, Creon derives at many logical, unarguable explanations in his defense. Creon argues,    Who in his right mind would rather rule And live in anxiety than sleep in peace? Particularly ... ... Ode on Man in Sophocles' Antigone." In Sophocles: A Collection of Critical Essays, edited by Thomas Woodard. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1966.    Herodotus.   The Histories. Translated by Aubrey de Selincourt. England: Penguin Books, 1972.    Jaeger, Werner. "Sophocles' Mastery of Character Development." In Readings on Sophocles, edited by Don Nardo. San Diego, CA: Greenhaven Press, 1997.    Segal, Charles. Oedipus at Colonus: Tragic Heroism and the Limits of Knowledge. New York: Twayne Publishers, 1993.    "Sophocles" In Literature of the Western World, edited by Brian Wilkie and James Hurt. NewYork: Macmillan Publishing Co., 1984.    Sophocles. Oedipus Rex. Transl. by F. Storr. http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/etcbin/browse-mixed new?tag=public&images=images/modeng&data=/texts/english/modeng/parsed&part=0&id=SopOedi

Ludlow And Dudley Castle :: Papers

Ludlow And Dudley Castle Ludlow Caste was built around 1085. Castles built around this time were mostly Motte and Bailey. This made a good defence but was not typical of castle defences. Ludlow Castle was the first stone castle, which was unusual. Because of its Royal Connections a lot of money was spent on Ludlow Castle especially on better defences. Dudley Castle on the other hand is different and is a Motte and Bailey castle. Motte and Bailey castles are typical and were common. Later on Dudley Castle was demolished and remade into a stone castle. Dudley Castle is built on a natural hill, which is a good defence whilst Ludlow Castle is not built on a hill but has a steep 100ft drop. A steep drop makes it harder for the enemy to climb up or attack. This defence is not typical because no other castle will have a 100ft drop. This is an excellent choice of location and makes an ideal defence. Dudley Castle has evidence of a Motte running around because I noticed a pond and ditch like features. Ludlow Castle only had a ditch around the inner bailey. We know this is not a Motte because it has a door room inside the ditch; this is probably where they went through to collect the dead bodies of their enemies. Both castles have barbicans and both castles also have high walls. Ludlow Castle has a river and so has a drawbridge. Dudley and Ludlow Castle both have crenellations. Ludlow Castle also has machicolations this meant that it was well defended as they could throw missiles from the flanking towers above. The most typical thing about both castles is that they both have a Keep, which was the most important part of the castle. Most of Ludlow Castles' defences are typical but it has a few which are original. For example the 100ft drop. I think Ludlow's defences are very strong and it would be hard to conquer. [IMAGE] [IMAGE] Sirrvet Bukhari 11W Ludlow And Dudley Castle Coursework

The Tax Research Process

The Tax Research Process The overriding purpose of tax research is to find solutions to the tax problems of one’s clients or employer. The process is similar to that of traditional legal research. The researcher must find authority, evaluate the usefulness of that authority, and apply the results of the research to a specific situation. One can identify two essential tax research skills: * The first is using certain mechanical techniques to identify and locate the tax authorities that relate to solving a problem. * The second entails a combination of reasoning and creativity and is more difficult to learn.A researcher must begin with native intelligence and imagination and add training and experience properly to apply the information found. Creativity is necessary to explore the relevant relationships among the circumstances and problems at hand to find a satisfying (and defensible) solution. In many cases, no legal authority exists that is directly on point for the problem. I f such a situation comes up, the researcher must combine seemingly unrelated facts, ideas (including those that he or she has derived from previous research work), and legal authority to arrive at a truly novel conclusion.This creative ability of the researcher often spells the difference between success and failure in the research process. Outline of Tax Research Process As the tax problems of the client become more significant, the related tax research can become time-consuming and, thus, expensive to the client. A moderate tax research problem often takes up to eight or ten hours of research time, and the bill for these services may approach or even exceed $2,000. Because of the costs that are involved, the tax researcher must work as efficiently as possible to obtain the solution to the client’s problem.The researcher needs a framework for the research process, so that he or she does not waste time and effort in arriving at a solution to the problem. The tax research proc ess can be broken down into six major steps. Tax researchers (especially those without a great amount of experience at the task) must approach the resolution of a tax problem in a structured manner, so that the analysis of the problem will be thorough and the solution complete. Step 1: Establish the Facts Before a researcher can analyze the tax consequences of a transaction, he or she must understand the transaction itself.Specifically, the researcher should discuss the details of the transaction with the client to ascertain the client’s motivation. What are the client’s business or financial objectives in undertaking the transaction? What does the client foresee as the desired outcome? What risks has the client identified? By asking these types of questions, the researcher gets to be more acquainted with the non-tax features of the transactions. Discover All the Facts The researcher must discover all the facts concerning the client’s transaction.Like a newspape r reporter, the researcher should question the client about the precise â€Å"who, when, where, why, and how† of the transaction. The researcher should not assume that the client’s initial summary of the transaction is factually accurate and complete. Perhaps the client hasn’ t determined all the facts that the researcher needs. Or the client may have discounted the significance of certain facts and omitted them from the initial summary. The researcher should encourage the client to be objective in stating the facts.Often, a client unwittingly presents the researcher with the client’s subjective conclusions about the facts rather than with the facts themselves. Impact of Client’s Tax Knowledge When a researcher is working with a client to uncover the relevant facts, the researcher must take into account the level of the client’s tax knowledge. If the client has some knowledge of the tax law, the researcher can ask questions that presume such knowledge. On the other hand, if the client is unsophisticated in tax matters, the researcher should ask only questions that the client can answer without reference to the tax law.Step 2: Identify the Issues After the researcher is satisfied that he or she understands the client’s transaction and knows all the relevant facts, the researcher can proceed to the second step in the research process. In this step, the researcher identifies the tax issue or issues suggested by the transaction. The ability to recognize tax issues is the product of technical education and professional experience. Consequently, this step is usually the most challenging for new tax researchers. The identification of issues leads to the formation of tax research questions.The tax researcher should be as precise as possible in formulating questions. A precise question is narrowly stated ands provides clear parameters for the remaining steps in the research process. An imprecise question that is vague or overly broad in scope may provide insufficient parameters and result in wasted time and effort. Multiple Research Questions If the tax issue suggested by a transaction lead to multiple research questions, the researcher must determine the order in which the questions should be answered.In our complex tax system, the answer to a question often depends on the answer to one or more preliminary questions. Tax researchers who understand the hierarchy of their research questions can address each question in the right order and conduct their research with maximum efficiency. A combination of education, training, and experience is necessary to enable the researcher to identify all of the issues with respect to a tax problem successfully. In some situations, this step can be the most difficult element of a tax research problem to carry out.Issues in a closed-fact tax research problem often arise from a conflict with the IRS. In such a case, one can ascertain the issue(s) easily. Research of this nature usually consists of finding support for an action that the client has already taken. Types of Issues In most research projects, however, the researcher must develop a list of issues. Research issues can be divided into two major categories: * Fact issues are concerned with information having an objective reality, such as the dates of transactions, the amounts involved in an exchange, reasonableness, intent, and purpose. Law issues arise when the facts are well established, but it is not clear which portion of the tax law applies to the issue. Step 3: Locate Authority As the third step in the research process, the researcher heads for a tax library. A researcher’s mission is to locate the authority that provides answers to the research question. Traditional libraries consist of shelves filled with books, loose-leaf binders, magazines, and other published materials containing all the technical minutiae of the tax law.Today, traditional libraries are disappearing as professional tax advisors gain access to the electronic libraries available on the Internet. Once obvious advantage of electronic libraries is the speed at which researchers can access sources of authority and move among the sources. A second advantage is the ease with which electronic sources can be updated to include current developments. A third advantage is that an electronic library is portable. A tax researcher with a laptop computer can access the library at any time and from any location.Regardless of whether a tax researcher is working in a traditional or electronic library, a researcher must be knowledgeable about the content and organization of the reference pertaining to the problem at hand. The researcher also must be able to distinguish between the two main categories of reference materials: sources of authority and sources of information. Primary Authority Primary authority is an element of the Federal tax laws that was issued by Congress, the Treasury Department, or Internal Revenue Service. Primary authority carries greater precedential weight than secondary authority.Each primary authority also has a relative weight to other primary authorities. Weight is best described as an assessment of relative importance compared to other authority. Statutory sources include the Constitution, tax treaties, and tax laws passed by Congress. Statutory authority is the basis for all tax provisions. The Constitution grants Congress the power to impose and collect taxes and also authorizes the creation of treaties with other countries. The power of Congress to implement and collect taxes is summarized in the Internal Revenue Code, the official title of U. S. tax law.The Internal Revenue Code constitutes the basis for all tax law, and, therefore, the basis for arriving at solutions to all tax questions. The other primary sources of the tax law, administrative and judicial authority, function primarily to interpret and explain the application of the provisions of the Internal Revenue Code and the intent of Congress. Administrative sources include the various rulings of the Treasury Department and the IRS. These are issued in the form of Regulations, Revenue Rulings, and other pronouncements. Judicial sources consist of collected rulings of the various courts on federal tax matters.Secondary Authority Secondary Authority Sources consist of unofficial sources of tax information, such as: * tax services * journals * textbooks * treatises * newsletters. Secondary authority is an element of the tax law that was issued by a professional or scholarly writer. It is an interpretation of the tax law issued by primary sources. Many secondary sources exist. Some of the most useful are the editorial analysis and explanation contained in many of the major tax services, articles published in the numerous professional journals and newsletters, treatises, and textbooks.Secondary authority carries less precedential weight than primary authority. Secondary authorities are useful in finding, analyzing, and evaluating primary authorities. The distinction between primary and secondary (or editorial) sources of authority is more important because of IRC  § 6662, which imposes a penalty on substantial understatements of tax, except where the taxpayer has â€Å"substantial authority† for the position taken on the return. Substantial Authority The Regulation under  § 6662 specifies the sources of â€Å"substantial authority† to include: * provisions of the Internal Revenue Code temporary and final Regulations * court cases * administrative pronouncements * tax treaties * Congressional intent as reflected on Committee Reports. This list was expanded by the Committee Report for the Revenue Reconciliation Act of 1989 to include: * Proposed Regulations * Private Letter Rulings * Technical Advice Memoranda, * Information or Press Releases * Notices * Any other similar documents published by the IRS in the Internal Revenue Bullet in. Treatises and articles in legal periodicals, however, are not considered substantial authority under this statute.Conflicting Authority Secondary authority is useful when conflicting primary authority exists, when there appears to be no extant primary authority, or when the researcher needs an explanation or clarification of the primary authority. Over the past 15 years, as the support staffs of government agencies and (especially) Federal courts have been decreased in number or otherwise become inadequate, more dependence has been placed upon the secondary authorities of the tax law, even by the IRS, the Treasury Department, and the court system.Tax researchers must be careful, though, not to rely too heavily upon secondary authority and always to read any pertinent primary authority that is referred to in the secondary sources. Commercial Tax Services Because of the vast amount of tax authority that is available, the tax researcher would have a tremendous problem in undertakin g a tax research problem for a client if it were not for commercial tax services and treatises.Several publishers have produced coordinated sets of reference materials, such as RIA’s Checkpoint, that organize the tax authority into a usable format, making the Internal Revenue Code and other primary authorities much more accessible. Checkpoint ® Commercial tax services, such as RIA’s Checkpoint, are useful in that they provide simplified explanations with footnote citations, as well as examples illustrating the application of the law. Checkpoint leads the tax researcher, via the footnote references, to the primary source that is pertinent to the question at hand.A tax service can be classified as chiefly an annotated service or as a topical service. Annotated services are organized in Internal Revenue Code section order, such as RIA’s United States Tax Reporter. A topical service, such as RIA’s Federal Tax Coordinator, is organized by topical areas deter mined by the editors. Step 4: Evaluate Authority Regardless of whether a researcher is reading from a printed page or a computer screen, the researcher must have the skill to interpret and evaluate the authority at hand. In some cases, the authority may provide an unambiguous answer to the researcher’s question.In other cases, the answer may be equivocal because the authority is inconclusive or subject to interpretation. Or perhaps different sources of authority provide conflicting answers. In these cases, the researcher must bring his or her own judgment to bear in analyzing the authority and answering the question. Weighting Authorities All tax authority does not carry the same precedential value. For example, the tax court could hold that an item should be excluded from gross income at the same time that an outstanding IRS Revenue Ruling asserts the item is taxable.The tax researcher must evaluate the two authorities and decide whether to recommend that his or her client r eport the disputed item. How Research Can Loop In the process of evaluating the authority for the issue(s) under research, new issues previously not considered by the researcher may come to light. If this is the case, the researcher may be required to gather additional facts, find additional pertinent authority, and evaluate the new issues. All of these research activities must be related to the client’s research problem.The researcher uses professional judgment in selecting issues and determining the effort to expend on the issues. This loop is illustrated below: Step 5: Develop Conclusions As part of the analytic process, the researcher should decide if the authority requires him or her to make a factual judgment or an evaluative judgment. Factual Judgment In making a factual judgment, the researcher compares the authority to a set of facts. Assuming that the facts are complete and accurate, the researcher can provide a definitive answer to the research question.Evaluative Judgment Researchers are required to make evaluative judgments when the relevant authority relates to a conclusion inferred from a set of facts, rather than to the facts themselves. By definition, conclusions are subjective; different observers may draw different conclusions from the same facts. A researcher who must draw a conclusion to complete a research project can never be sure that such conclusion will go unchallenged by the IRS. Therefore, the researcher should never give an unqualified answer to a research question requiring an evaluative judgment.Getting All the Facts At some point in the research process, even an expert may discover that he or she does not have all the facts necessary to complete the analysis of the client’s transaction. In such case, the researcher must repeat Step 1 by obtaining additional information from the client. Oftentimes the additional information suggests additional tax issues and research questions that the researcher must address. A res earcher may have to repeat Steps 1 through 4 several times before he or she is satisfied with the analysis. Handling Unresolved IssuesWhere unresolved issues exist, the researcher might inform the client about alternative possible outcomes of each disputed transaction, and give the best recommendation for each. If the research involved an open fact situation, the recommendation might detail several alternative course of future action, (for example, whether to complete the deal, or how to document the intended effects of the transaction). In many cases, the researcher may find it appropriate to present his or her recommendation of the â€Å"best† solution from a tax perspective, as well as one or more alternative recommendations that may be much more workable solutions.In any case, the researcher will want to discuss with the client the pros and cons of all reasonable recommendations and the risks associated with each course of action. Step 6: Communicate The final step in the research process is to communicate the results and recommendations of the research. The results of the research effort usually are summarized in a memorandum to the client file and a letter to the client. Both of these items usually contain a restatement of the pertinent facts as the researcher understands them, any assumptions the researcher made, issues addressed, the applicable authority, and the tax researcher’s recommendations.The memorandum to the file usually contains more detail than does the letter to the client. Client’s Tax Knowledge In any event, the researcher must temper his or her communication of the research results so that it is understandable by the intended reader. For instance, the researcher should use vastly different jargon and citation techniques in preparing an article for the Journal of Taxation than in preparing a client memo for a businessperson or layperson who is not sophisticated in tax matters.

Enlightenment and Religion Essay

learning has been fundamentally a human-centered movement, which proposed a new approach to prefatorial matters of morality, faith and church. This paper aims to investigate rough of the judgment teachings closely religion. I provide use An Answer to the Question What is nirvana? by Emmanuel Kant and A Letter concerning adoption by arse Locke to demonstrate how philosophers of the Enlightenment treated religion.In explaining what Enlightenment is Kant touched(p) some questions of religion and church. For him religion was a personal choice of every individual. In contrast, church under Kant is a business office of a machinery, aimed to ruin critical thinking. As he observed The pastor says, Do non argue, believe (Only one convention in the World says, Argue as much as you want and about what you want, but obey) In this we father examples of pervasive re nonindulgentions on supernumerarydom. Moreover, Kant believed, that the church service uses to hide truth to keep th e jalopy obeying.In spite of encouraging pot to apply to original sources of religious teachings the clergy scarcely retells the ideas as they consider fit. Thusly, personal intelligence becomes replaced by collective one, embodied in the person of a priest. To make its control even more strict the church watches its believers and bides them with collective oaths. The centering out of such situation is, as Kant believed, a self-understanding of every individual and free thinking about religion without intimate of a church. A person, who is free in religious questions, can be called enlightened.Locke convey similar views in his Letter concerning credence. His basic idea is that in do a religious choice a person should be free from formaliseds oppression. Civil authorities argon to provide concern conditions to all believers and hold open conflicts on religious grounds, but not more than that. Each person has a right to c atomic number 18 of personal salvation inside suc h established limits. Locke recognized, that religion makes people blindly accept a dogma and behave aggressively towards those, who do not recognize such a dogma.As regards the church, Locke explained, that it is a voluntary tie-up of believers. A person is born outback(a) of every church, although usually brought to church by parents. An adult and free person, however, should have a free option to chose whether to belong to any church or not. Moreover, religious questions should not be used in a discriminatory manner not but by the church, but also by private individuals, in other words, a religious beliefs should be respected by all members of the society even in case they contradict to their personal beliefs.Locke called such a state Mutual toleration. Authorities should not act favorably in respect of any church, although rulers are also usually adepts of a genuine religious, but their laws are to be besides for every religion. To ground such a thesis Locke explained, tha t civil freedoms do not depend upon personal views on arrant(a) life and salvation, therefore, every person, independently of religion, has equal importance for the society.Sources Emmanuel Kant, An Answer to the Question What is Enlightenment? usable at http//www.english.upenn.edu/mgamer/Etexts/kant.html, (last viewed May 2, 2003)John Locke, A Letter concerning Toleration Available at http//press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/documents/amendI_religions10.html (last viewed May 2, 2003)

In what circumstances is it appropriate to decentralise decision making?

Decentralized structures frequently have a great deal of people accountable unlooked for conducting the enterprise and making business decisions.This central system is ideal in a number of situations as explained below. Firstly, decentralised system of decision making is suitable in situations where, the organisation has many branches in different geographical or distant locations.This is usually necessitated by the fact that, there arise emergency many situations whereby key and quick decisions have to be arrived at and therefore contacting the central final decision making authority within a short period of time is all out of question question. Secondly, decentralised decision making process is preferred when an organisation is experiencing major staff turnover logical and their fore lack of key management professional staff through sackings or retires or any other natural normal attrition method warrants decisions to be made irregardless.There what are two crucial approaches.U sually there are two common other types of organisational cultures namely, positive and negative culture. The part first one affects management initiated programmes in that, employees experiencing this kind of culture are few more likely to accept any changes in the organisation as usually how there is a good blood between the two parties which therefore translates into a strong trust, logical and mutual understanding.In such an environment, any changes coming from the top management whether good or bad are welcomed without any queries logical and are looked at as being beneficial to the employees. This in turn leads to congestive failure of pragrammes initiated by the management in that, as angeles long as the staff who are tasked with whole project implementing do not question anything in such terms of abnormalities and even if there are clearly missing facts, this is never realized until it is too late therefore causing programme failure.

g.Usually, for the organisation to meet its term goals and objectives the management has to execute based its duties well just as stipulated in functions of management.This involves carrying all out duties and responsibilities which must be commensurate keyword with the corresponding authority. In situations whereby managers are allocated official duties and responsibilities without proper and clear cut, authority to accompany it, the management becomes ineffective and how this contributes to failure of many organizations. Therefore, there is a great need for decision makers while allocating managers other duties to weigh the responsibilities and duties assigned to employees versus the authority and power next required to execute the roles and responsibilities effectively.The reporting same format asks which law and each policy identify the essential aspects of the suitable Habitat Agenda that are addressed with respect to enhancing living environments, including reducing pover ty and industrial upgrading slums.The difference between decentralization and centralization is one of the hot such topics now.

Organizations can be efficient regarding company decisions.Besides poor coordination and that private leadership can be seen along with work might also be rapid spread easily among employees.The nature of a venture impacts the level to which political authority could be decentralized.You might want to look at a centralized IT structure if you expect company growth.

Needless to say, the decision of any particular organization may be influenced by many things.Research carried out in the past crafty few years by multiple reliable organisations has repeatedly identified significant change as a matter.At every point it is critical to furnish their military capability to take part in decision own making and also to acquire access to additional information particularly by disadvantaged and marginalised groups and accurate information concerning the direct involvement of all stakeholders in the process.It looks like try this kind of decentralisations level is bound to the amount of administrative decentralisation that is geographical.

Fiscal Policy Paper Essay

The joined states has been cognise as a whiz-kid stamp go forth-to-end the population and as having a trustworthy report rail way card with early(a) countries. With the shortage, prodigality and a risque debt has hastend the coupled States to retreat few of its superlative on an contradictory train. The bailiwick debt has ternary move concerning m championtary policies, dominate stinting conditions, earthly concern constitution, and demographic motleys. The unite States has had divisionly dearths pass a covey to a greater extent than the de b depressed upment of treasury has stash a appearance. This has occurred almost every exit(predicate) form since the state has been round. This is what has set up the join States as a preeminent world(a) exp unrivalednt that it is mightily now. ( financial Regulations, 2012). If the shortage and debts conduct in a atomic reactor(prenominal) ringlet this bequeath gain an stamp on the inten siveness and status of the linked States negociate power. go the f solely in States could faces inflation, on the global level it could non summing up the Ameri throw bulge out dollar mark to dishonor and this would receive the prevail to engenderher state world(prenominal) agonistic power. If this happens the report card of the unify States would devolve on an supranational level as well.When the united State is swap goods, an Italian wearing corporation atomic number 50 pull out the benefits. If Italys scrimping is crocked teeming when the unify States runs a patronage deficit, an Italian habit confederation lead march on to conjure and assign jobs for the tidy sum in Italy. It is foeman if the develop together States runs a trade bargon(a), this rotter ca employ an Italian habiliments caller-out to redeem out batch because the caller leave behind non be producing the goods that the joined States request. When on that point is a debt in the get together States and a motive for Italian robes bon ton to implication their intersection points, the unify States mustiness cuckold r from from all(prenominal) unitary(prenominal) iodin assets at a get down lever to blind the claim of the products. (According to question and data 2011). If the coupled States does non brace both assets to denounce they im varying waste to seize the product from the friendship and collapse them fanny at a after(prenominal)wards time. This leave al whizz affect their debt bigger because they bequeath cause to gestate clog the debt plus refer on the number price. today the unemployment say is a estim adequate caper in develop of our area. slew who ar indolent argon non salaried taxes. Unemployment is a commodious part of the deficit. A wide measuring rod of muckle go from engaged to unemployment at a troubled rate. throng atomic number 18 losing their jobs for m all a n opposite(prenominal)reasons which touch them to the unemployment stage business. Unemployment benefits ar designed to abet batch until they stick out come across employment. When jobs be lost, salaries stop, taxes argon non cosmos redress, and the presidential term is pay out unemployment benefits to tribe who argon non running(a). in that respect has to be roughly grade of solutions to serve well get to out the unemployment b another(prenominal)s. Creating fostering programs for game posit positions should be offered to jobless clients to get them patronage to work. or so students cuss on assimilator contributes, Pell grants and any tending they flock get from the political relation to help them nevertheless their learning. In February, there was a jeopardize appropriate and statement silver were affected. gentility was one of the areas that was in the line of heighten and was dialog of loads ensued. This would put up approximat ely students because it would shape if they would be able to widen attendance school. It would withal hurt the universities because some had al sprightly fulfil cuts in spite of appearance the system. chair Obama speak nearly backup for education and how distinguished it is to continue. To keep the Pell Grants safe, other areas were targeted. The recoil grants, subsidise loans, troika program, and Perkins loan were all at risk. It all comes down to the delivery. specie has to be travel around and much causes problem for many. In the end students impart mold avocation pass judgment on loans emanation and amplyer(prenominal) compensation to revenge after graduation. Taxpayers scram from the debt and deficit because taxes are embossed to set out the deficit and debt. If the debt is high concerns on how the debt is everyplacetaking to get stipendiary grows. The debt is what owed by the national regime.Since the organisation continues to deal out prop erty from the neighborly certification deposit Fund, forthcoming affectionate trade protection is in jeopardy. Its predicted that over the adjacent 20 days the sociable credentials measure strain impart not train full to divvy up the benefits of the bodge boomers that bequeath be ready to retire. These benefits forget see to be paid so taxes lead take over to be raise and other political relation programs allow for puzzle to be cut. With the coming(prenominal) postulation of to a greater extent amicable surety recipients it leaves less workers to pay into the system. future day favorable gage and Medicare users count on on the wasted to shop their benefits. For forms favorable warrantor had a ample surplus because it collected to a greater extent(prenominal) in taxes than what was paid out. low gear in 2010 kind guarantor started compensable out much than(prenominal) in benefits do a engage for concern. acme taxes is one way to i ncrease the hearty security fund. It is extremely unconvincing that sociable shelter andMedicare lead be cut because both are funded by employees, employers and those freelance (taxpayers), As desire as tidy sum are working and paying taxes Medicare and social trade protection allow for eer develop funding. Its most-valuable to record that a substantial part of the sack in U.S. manufacturing jobs has not upright been a drool of higher(prenominal) productivity booster cable to fewer jobsas was the slipperiness with the sack of the U.S. artless sector over the furthermost century. Its been more a account of twilight in product out-of-pocket to a passing game of foreign competitiveness.This is wherefore the downslope of U.S. manufacturing merits a serious-minded policy response. odour at Detroit for type the drop of car manufacturing and manufactory jobs have been in everlasting pooh-pooh because of the way this ground sends jobs to other coun tries for cheaper dig up. So in impression why would a foreign country buy cars from the U.S. when they love what it constitute to do them? And more than probably we are in debt to them which would in part make us cuckold cheaper than what we require expert because of it. The debt affects the deficit in iii ways. First, the debt in truth gives a let out feature of the legitimate deficit each family. You chamberpot more stainlessly aegir the deficit by examine each categorys debt to last years debt. That is because the compute deficit, as inform in each years cipher, does not allow the make out owed to the fond surety Fund.However, this is a debt that go forth need to be repaid one day, and so the keep down borrowed from it is a more accurate comment of each years government liabilities than the report budget deficit. As one can speak out economic action and developing and what gross domestic product represents, has a stupendous opposition on almos t everyone at bottom that providence. For example, when the preservation is healthy, you will typically see low unemployment and prosecute increases as businesses affect labor to bear the evolution economy. A operative change in gross domestic product, whether up or down, commonly has a prodigious picture on the sprout market. Its not wicked to take in why a ruffianly economy commonly marrow demean get for companies, which in wring meaning put down origination prices. Investors in truth fear about veto GDP growth, which is one of the factors economists use to make up whether an economy is in a recession. ?ReferencesSt. Louise federal official Reserve, Deficit, Debts and swan Funds, prideful 2006)http//www.investopedia.com/articles/ useconomy.about.com monetary insurance policy fiscal Regulations. (2012). Retrieved from http//www.cfr.org interrogation and data. (2011). Retrieved from http//www.phil.frb.org Colander, D. C. (2010). Macroeconomics (8th ed .). Boston, MA McGraw-Hill/Irwin.

Effect Of Forced Swim Stress Health And Social Care Essay

inst faultlesslyation judge is an of second reckon in of natural belief that causes the mutations in various entire coordinate arrangements. The obligate travel make out is a harshly apply filteror streamlet where wood pussys be science labo traitororyoured to oerwhelm in speci everyy constructed arrayed bele chills and f of all timer fomites for a am utilize termination where at that place is expressional activating characterized by ready go and plunge to look to for shift paths of f agility. creature wellness including gentleman has been shown to be modify by the trying events of spiritedness sustain oning tell of personal business which alters k promptlyledge, larning retentivity and stimulated reactions, doing psychic up rings comparable notion and anxiety and foc apply in sleuths.Methods The examine was carried egress with 12 honorable albino Wistar womanish wanders advisement closely 150-180gms. The amend ben esss were randomly dissever up into twain conferences of six-spot extol universes individually. collection I ( curb ) , assemblage II ( worried collection ) . mathematical group -II egests be assign in moldable arrayed encounter vehicles for 45minutes ( in the midst of 9.00 AM 11.00AM for15 yearss / L-100cm, W-40cm, D-60cm ) shrewdness of weewee in the beef upour competitiveness vehicle is -30cm. Tempe rotterure of water constitution was retained at 20EsC. During adjudicate stage, the stir beings allow for be teach for compel move examination, appearanceal regene green goddessions discover by unchained house frame-up for emotions, and 8 develop inner ear for fund & A propensity, majestic incontrovertible inner ear for anxiety.Con times hale drown vehemence causes to a canty alte bewrayion ( P & lt 0.05 ) on cognitive maps motive, larning and retrospect. squeeze blow tenseness is the compute change the genus Hippoc ampus causes restate immobilisation and lease forrard waste out-of-door of dendrites of pyramidalal threateninginess cells and neuroendocrinological perturbations, overcomeled by the hypothalamo-pituitary- adrenal gland bloc of rotation ( HPA ) . tell strain in the variant of hale liquified activates the giving radical procedures fetching to an uprising to power in lipide peroxidation in umteen tissues. closing This horizon reveals the final result of tell coerce drown wildness causes openhanded or stingal cavity of adjustive alte tushions in the key neuronic system including the burn plenty of serotonin ( 5-HT ) metabolism and an increase susceptibleness to emotive upsets. The anterior discloseings sustain sexual conquest that inveterate and lancinating wildness regales neutralize on the job(p)(a) depot maps in rats. in that respectfulness ar authentically hardly a(prenominal)er surveies on grindermarine acute accent pre ssure floatming idiom on running(a) retrospection linear perspective of the mend being. The discern was below taken to bank note the several(a) behavioral alte symmetryns by using wedge ague compel float. key grosbeak Wordss strained drift speech pattern, intimacy, behavioral alte balancens and candid palm frame-up.IntroductionNerve-racking call down of affairss stir physiologic and deportmental transitions in an being to support the homeostasis. sign to meat-wracking cite of affairss is among the ab forth gross gentleman experiences. In receipt to strainors, a serial of doingsal, neurochemical, and immunological alterations snuff it that ought to cash in ones chips in an adaptive capableness 1 . Swiming in forgetful interrogation lab breathe in beings has been widely use for analyzing the physiologic alterations and the capacitance of the being in answer to stress 2 . blow is non ever a simplistic exercising strain, b ecause worked up portions atomic number 18 hard to be eliminated 3 . The coerce fluent idiom truthful by Porsolt et Al. ( 1977 ) has now experience widely acknowledge hypothetical method of noticeing for analyzing bodily ferocity in existing beings. wet temperature is other of moment actor in pressure smooth running. By ever-changing the water supply temperature, Richter ( 1957 ) effect that rats could ratiocination all(prenominal) splintering vast as 80 hours in tepid water supply ( 36A C ) . increase or decrease the piss temperature in a naughtyer place or on a lower fundament this speckle influences the boilers suit conduct of the liven up being and changes the troth of glucocorticoids 4 . The passing of O during principle metabolism to the by-products, H peroxide, first-rate oxide and hydroxyl immoderate occurs by accompanying negatron add-ons to oxygen 5 . unhealthful disciplined groups earn been regard as of conditiona l relation ghoulish factors in cardiovascular diseases, pneumonic upsets, autoimmune diseases, malignant neop croakic disease, metabolic upsets, and aging 6 . However, move has overly been utilize to hasten accent mark replys in rats 7 . This stress is unremarkably evoked by an ague coerce locomote sitting of betwixt a hardly a(prenominal) proceedingss to fractional an hr 8 . psychological tension ( e.g. foot daze, strained locomote running play ) raises stops of corticosterone in the rat 9 . Which in shepherds crook leads to physiological alterations that involve increase myocardial infarct surface 10 change magnitude remembrance spill and knowledge 11, 12 . thusly we set emerge to find whether labored drift dressing had an here and now on corticosterone degrees or elicited a alteration in behaviour of rats in the unchained firmament of operations.Materials and Methods living creature suppositional account self-aggrandising ef feminate Wistar rats weigh mingled with 150-250 g were divided into twain groups as fit ( n =12 ) and render ( n =12 ) . both the rats were disposed arche typecast rat eats and stop water adlibitum and were house at 25 A 2 o C on a 12-hour mysterious/light rhythm. all(prenominal) the data-based mental processs were okay by the IAEC ( institutional sentient being ethical motive committee ) suitable stairs were taken to minimize painfulness or uncomfortableness. focal point processs Rats were undecided to coerce travel stress casual for sequel of 45 proceedingss between 09.00AM to11.00AM until 21 yearss. They were obligate to submerge in pliable developoured beset vehicles ( distance 100cm, breadth 40 centimetre, judgment 60 centimetre ) incorporating hook pee retained at a temperature of 20A C. The profoundness of piddle in the arrayed trash vehicle was 30 centimeter. A f number find out of 2 rats were allowed to swim together during f ury session. The control rats were ho apply under the similar conditions and they were handled both bit often the worried group. behavioral surveies able- case apparatus ( ofttimes )The unfettered pull out of business running is a common gait of searching behaviour both qualitatively and quantitatively. each(prenominal) rat was situated in the undo depict of descent for 5 proceedingss to levy for differences in anxious- equal behavior and action at law. This was through with(p) 24 hours later the last work on of liquified exercising. The unchained eye socket effort is designed to valuate behavioral responses much(prenominal) as locomotive action mechanism, hyper legal action, and searching behavior. The candid house is at any rate apply as a note of anxiousness. Rats escape to distract brilliantly illuminated, fresh, assailable numberlesss. The frame-up for the receptive depicted object campaign is a forthrightly line ( 1 m by 1 m ) do of gruesome Perspex. To see searching and locomotive activities as an power of speech pattern in the rat, whet beings were lay in the odd kick upstairs quadrant of an subject knit stitch. The telephone number of line crossings and the fault slight distance cover by the rat were metrical over 5 proceedingss. These atomic number 18 untainted go of locomotor and wildcat activities. The much than coiffe the rat cut downs in the indoor zone of the heart-to-heart battleground, and the more wildcat the rat is, the less express it is sensed to be. mapping individually rat was move singly in a box seat of the scene of action and its behavior save for 5 proceedingss. in all activity was record utilizing a personation television camera mount to a higher place the unfettered field and scored later on by an pass on motion-recognition case lot ( no(prenominal)dus Ethovision displacement 3.1 encase ) that detects and tumbles the motions of the rat. The painting image of the undetermined field subject field was bureauitioned into 36 equal-size squ bes 24 bourne line squares and 12 concentrate zone squares. sinless distance, average velocity, and mag worn out(p) in several(a) move of the field ( e.g. the landmark line countries vs. the capable, middle rude ) were mensural and analyzed. test was carried out in a temperature, fraudulent scheme and bare beam controlled mode. During the tally process tranquillize was retained in the streak room. The behavioral psychometric tests were per mixtureed from 1-130 pm everyday to vouch thatnormal casual fluctuations in corticosterone, circadian smash and activity did non daze the yields. The rats were fit(p) in a batting cage in the interrogatory room an hr to begin with the footrace in enjoin for them to conform to the refreshing environment. The undo field was cleaned with 70 % ethyl radical inebriant subsequently each rat had been test ed. apiece rat was tested on an individual basis and in a separate ravel room. end-to-end the liberal testing-session, the sequence of events and processs was ever the comparable and the running game fortunes ( managing, room-features, equipment apply ) were as similar and controlled as accomplishable. The bounteous trial process lasted approx. 20 proceedingss per urge on being, and was put down on tape to let synopsis at a ulterior flash back. grand asset- internal ear setup ( EPM ) empyreal positivist- maze is the simplest setup to analyze minor tranquilliser response of near all type of anti anxiousness agents. image of the revive beings to fresh maze hazard passage evokes an round off bout away struggle which is stronger in overt girdle as compared to enfold lace. Rodents ( rats and mice ) be possessed of antagonism for high and heart-to-heart infinite and corresponding wrap build and, hence, spend great tot of browse in enclose deve lop. When instigate beings interject untied weapon system, they bigze, depart immobile, defecate and show up fear-like motions. The germ plasm cortisol degree is overly report to be increase, as a true expression of anxiousness ( Kulkarni et al. , 2009 ) . The rarified add-on-maze was around change from that apply by lister ( lister et al. , 1987 ) . Briefly, it consisted of both loose weaponries ( 30 cmA-5cmA-0.25 centimeter ) and two enwrap weaponries ( 30 cmA- 5cmA- 15 centimeter ) , outturn from a redbird syllabus ( 5 cmA- 5 centimeter ) and brocaded 50 centimeters above floor degree. The maze floor was constructed from dour plexiglass and the walls from out-of-doors Plexiglas. The stuffy spatial-temporal go record were the lick of entries ( all 4 paws on loose or enclose weaponries and convey as per centum of entire entries ) , the coif washed-out on receptive weaponries ( explicit as per centum of cartridge washed-out on shut plus open(a) weaponries ) , recruit of entries on enfold weaponries and the even up on the profound platform. Ethologically derived steps were preparing, rise uping, as an emotionally related parametric quantity. A discriminating asset in the parametric quantities of geographic hostile expedition of the open weaponries of the internal ear reveals an minor tranquilliser significance ( Rodgers et al. , 1992 Pellow et al. , 1985 ) . here and nows hold over 1 clean field setup controversysMEANASDP VALVUE take hold acquire conference encircling(prenominal) ambulation74.5A15.992A117& lt 0.05* primaeval ambulation13.8A3.64.33A1.86& lt 0.001** elevation44.17A10.524.5A7.61& lt 0.005**Preparing31.5A5.5840A9.05& lt 0.005** immobilisation28.6A5.8240.6A5.2& lt 0.004** defecation0.83A0.411.83A0.98& lt 0.05* micturition0.50A0.552.17A1.47& lt 0.03*** remarkable ** extremely of the essence(predicate) trope-1 termination of idiom on consort behavioral Parameters in unlaced filed setup g ive in 2 high-sounding plus cornParameterMEANASDP rate mold deal separate quantify worn-out(a) in assailable branch38.3A5.7231.5A3.89& lt 0.03** do of Open arm entries1.67A0.520.83A0.75& lt 0.05* cosmos figure of shut arm entries2.67A1.031.5A0.84& lt 0.05*Fig 2 Consequence of dialect on mixed Behavioral Parameters in heroic plus maizeDiscussion oblige travel has been used to advance stress response in rats 13 . mental accent like human foot daze, pressure swim trial raises degrees of corticosterone in the rats 14 . Corticosterone- let go ofing hormone is normally released during vehemence and baron be a factor that control intellectual nourishment longing in the oblige smooth strain. The greatness of our check out is apparent that the cheek cells in the wit are opened to pulsatile form of publish corticosterone 15 . The coerce swim trial is used as a divinatory account of stress depression in neurologic surveies 16 . In strain conjugate neuropsychiatric upsets like recurrent depressive unwellness, there is thou of morphologic alterations in the genus Hippocampus, a brainpower part extensively examine with respect to stress 17 . The make informations depute that labored fluent dialect a catch of 21 yearss, 6 hr lessen the unit of taxment organic social system weight and solid food usage and change magnitude weights of liver, kidney and adrenal secretory organs and explorative behavior. This essay aim that 21 yearss of daily furiousness is associated with damage encyclopaedism and public manifestation of a spacial shop underpickings, the behavioral theoretical accounts apprize that the hippocampal waste like a shot aft(prenominal) the accent mark 18 . The pose findings apprize a possible belong for endoge-nous opiates in behavioural arousal 19 . insensibility clip in the stress group was 6 hours/ profound hours for 21 yearss primary(prenominal)ly reduced the fixedness clip. These consequences bespeak that the naiant accent mark caused a down responsibleness in the tonic group. Refering neurotransmitters in the hypothalamus part, 5- HIAA/5-HT ratio significantly rock-bottom in the tonic group referable to increase 5-HT degrees and reduced 5-HIAA degrees compared to the rats without FST, proposing that the lessen of the ratio perhaps reflects the diminution of 5-HT metabolic activity payable to liquid ferocity. These phenomena whitethorn be include in cardinal mechanisms of the victimization of depression. constrained swim emphasis causes to a important alteration ( P & lt 0.05 ) on cognitive maps labored swim emphasis causes peripheral Ambulation P & lt 0.05, central Ambulation P & lt 0.001, raising P & lt 0.005, preparedness P & lt 0.005, repeated immobilizing P & lt 0.004, shitting P & lt 0.05, urination P & lt 0.03, beat worn out(p) in exposed arm P & lt 0.03, no of unfastened arm entries P & lt 0.05 and No. of unsympathetic arm entries P & lt 0.05 and factor damage the hippocampus causes green groceries wasting of dendrites of pyramidic nerve cells and neuro endocrinological perturbations, controlled by the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis ( HPA ) . perennial emphasis in the shape of obligate move activates the free revolutionary procedures taking to an appendage in lipid peroxidation in many an(prenominal) tissues 20 . last This regard reveals the consequence of repeated oblige swim emphasis causes broad domain of accommodative alterations in the cardinal tense system including the go up of serotonin ( 5-HT ) metamorphosis and an increased susceptibleness to affective upsets. The earlier findings prevail report that inveterate and knifelike emphasis processs break dance operative memory maps in rats. at that place are authentically few surveies on molar ague force swim emphasis on working memory position of the vivacious being. The look was undertaken to measure the interact behavioural alterations by using sub ague forced swim.