Principles of Farm Animal Husbandry – Intensive and Extensive Farming

The toll in ecstasyse and extensive at heart farm wolf husban juiceless quote to the manners tools atomic number 18 raised and processed.Intensive cultivation Gener alwaysy(prenominal)y referred to as industrial and pulverisation farming, this method is used to tending surge production of meats and dairy. Farm animals ar unbroken in speci t divulge ensembley built units any year round in social club to better mold foddering and coiffement. Examples of these nominate be embed in outpouring cages to house chickens to aid egg collection, and deliver crates to restrict sows deep down breeding units.Animals tush be fed, watered and disinvested by automatic rifle systems much(prenominal) as feed hoppers and drinkers. extensive farming Can withal be linked with free-range, animals are able to freely hunt down around and graze alfresco. This method is usu all(prenominal)y utilised in regions with a lesser demand, such as more open rural areas.There are we ll-nigh cases where animals grass be expound intensifier and extensively farmed. For model, a sheep whitethorn spend the majority of its time outdoors, moreover will be brought inside and intensively farmed during lambing season.One of the negative impacts created by intensive farming is the increase in manure. before intensive farming was introduced, farmers would ordinarily outflank parentage manure onto fields for the crops benefit. However, some farmers have begun specialising in areas, crop evolution or livestock, which means intensive livestock farmers have to store slurry, which can project methane, and then travel to areas where this can be disposed of.However, this can be argued as a benefit to farmers who still stimulate crops as well as manage livestock as the slurry is readily purchasable in great quantity to aid growth of their crops.Anformer(a) problem appears to be the welfare of the farm animals. Instead of world able to display innate(p) behaviours such as grazing, social and maternal instincts outdoors as with extensive farming, these animals are unbroken in confined lays, which can give birth signs of temper, lameness and even aggression.That being said, intensive farming is substantive in station to keep supplying food to an ever growing population.The Five licensesThe original purpose first appeared inside the Report of the good Committee to Enquire into the Welfare of Animals unbroken under Intensive neckcloth cultivation Systems, the Brambell Report, December 1965 (HMSO London, ISBN 0 10 850286 4). This admit the need for farm animals to have granting immunity to stand up, lie down, turn around, cut back themselves and stretch their limbsThe Five exemptions are1. emancipation from hunger and thirst By lay out access to rattling water and a diet to oblige full wellness and vigourEnsure money boxs, nipple drinkers and each other feeding instruments are at an confiscate location and height for animals, and that these instruments are cleaned and checked for blockages on a day-by-day basis. All cattle necessitate that adapted roughage be readily for sale. Sheep require fresh, clean water be lendable at all times.2. Freedom from discomfort By providing an appropriate environment including trade protection and a comfortable resting areaEnsuring in that respect is enough space for the animal to choke freely and have fresh, clean bedding appropriate to that species, such as straw. A bruisers resting area should remain dry, which can be achieved by being on a slightly higher level than its dunging area.3. Freedom from pain injury or unhealthiness By prevention or by rapid diagnosis and wrap upment gillyflower housed intensively should be unbroken in buildings with an effective internal respiration system and kept out of draughts to minimise respiratory problems. Monitoring for signs of disease, stress, sickness, infestation and lameness is essential to stop this can be dealt with befittingly and promptly. Ensuring all farm animals have appropriate vaccinations against diseases, such as bluetongue in cattle. Procedures should be in place to isolate and treat any injured or vagabond animal. Any animals should be humanely killed if found to be incurable.4. Freedom to express just about normal behaviour By providing fit space, proper facilities and company of the animals own assortmentFarmers should determine space allowance tally to animal, class, age, and size of it. For example, DEFRA provide this table as an example of good practise within housed sheep (1) ruler social interaction is important too, for example, pigs housed indoors are kept in groups afterward weaning, usually separated by gender. Toys, comparable footballs, can also help with the enrichment of the animal.5. Freedom from fear and distress By ensuring conditions and discussion to avoid kind convergeing.(2)Ensuring stock-keepers are in full trained and have the knowledge and skills to guardedly manage any farm animal sympathetically, from being able to handle and drove the animals effectively, to providing accurate injury or illness care.Environment and Housing Requirements for PigsThe Welfare of Farmed Animals (England) Regulations 2003 states there are different requirements, in terms of space and temperature, dependant on the stage, size and class of pig. Though, some factors have to be interpreted into key throughout all types, such as comfortable and dry bedding, which can be seen in all the below images, as the college farm uses clean, fresh straw throughout.(3) (4)Farrowing Sows and Piglets The image instanter below surfaces a sow with ten piglets within the farrowing village in the college farm. This shows the sow and piglets have enough space to stand up and manoeuvre, inside and out of the arc.The above images show a drinker, providing clean fresh water, and a feeding trough providing pellets.Weaner and Rearing Pigs The same regulations state the stripped unobstructed floor area available to each weaner and rearing pig should be at least (5)The above pick up shows the colleges pigs in first stage. Weaners and rearer pigs should have equal space in order to exercise, feed and for all pigs to lie flat on their side simultaneously, which the above pictures demonstrate.The images also show feeding troughs are raised and at an accessible height for the pigs to feed well and separately from resting areas.Dry Sows and Gilts (6)(2)As well as being able to move around freely, the pigs resting area requires to be delegate in comparison to its dunging area to keep in line their resting area remains clean and dry.concrete slatted floors are used within the pig unit as this proves to be liquified and easy to keep hygienic and also not slippery which could lead to accidents and injury.Lighting, ventilation and temperature control is also vital to gain ground pig health.The college pig units provide natural lighting and ve ntilation within the roofs, the last mentioned of which help remove noxious gases and control temperatures. Controlling the pigs feeds and bedding also helps maintain the appropriate temperature.As mentioned previously, the recommended temperature varies dependant on the category of pig, the table above shows this.Livestock Health and WelfareThere are two main factors to be taken into account whilst discussing health and welfare, those being cordial and physical.In terms of livestock affable health and welfare, one of the factors to take into account would be the animals stimulus. This could be objects the animal can entertain itself with, such as a ball, or even just animals of the same species to interact with. An animal may suffer mentally or constitute stress if it is left segregated without anything to aid mental enrichment.On the physical side, illnesses common within certain farm animals may be a problem if not in good order vaccinated against, illnesses such and foot an d lip among pigs and cattle. Respiratory problems can occur if caparison for farm animals does not have the need ventilation measures in place.Issues could occur during the window pane of livestock whether this is physical in that the animal is mishandled or if the transportations flooring is not so as to prevent slipping, or mentally in that the animal may be semen stressed, especially if force is used within the process.All these aspects and more all come down to one main factor, stockmanship. Providing stock-keepers have the acquired knowledge and skills from onsite training and relevant courses, these factors should all be well manageable. From handling skills and care, to preventing and treating illnesses and parasites, and other general maintenance required to ensure health and welfare is upheld.