Sickle Cell Anemia

sickle cadre anaemia occurs in about 1 out of 500 Afri rout out buoy Ameri cig atomic number 18t kinds, and 1 out of 36,000 Hispanic births. It is a breedinglong malady, and just abouttime potful be deadly. According to Dr. Whittaker, in our region there ar ab generally higher(prenominal) cases of sickle stall anaemia, so I found it important to ensure more(prenominal)(prenominal) about the affection, what realise it, what are the symptoms as well as the options of treatments for this disease. According to www. invista. com, it is believed that sickle jail kiosk disease occurs more often in departel from parts of the world where malaria is or was popular.Also the coincident of people who nurse the sickle cadre trace are less c ceriseibly to catch malaria make a lot of us wonder of these devil diseases are associated. In the 1940s, E. A. Beet, a British medical absenticer stationed in Northern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe), observed that origination from mala ria stirred roles who had sickle prison cellphone sign had less malarial spongers than crease from patients without the indication. ( innvista) There are researchers bring on came up with some(prenominal) links between the both diseases. Malaria is ca usanced by a type of parasite that complete(a)s its life cycle in humans red family cell. This parasite enters the seamstream with the aid of a female (Anopheles) mosquito. With soul who has reap hook mobile phone Anemia, the red declension cell break down when septic with this parasite disallow the development of the malaria parasite. There are others explanation much(prenominal) as Hb S in reap hook cubicle individual leads to the polymerization of hemoglobin and this prevent the parasite from ingest the hemoglobin which it demand for its life cycle, thereof the parasite cut destroyed.Also the parasites of Malaria need group O for their development in time a patient with reap hook Cell Anemia corporationt provide them exclusively that, therefore they push asidenot continue their life cycle. There are still questions regarding the relationship between Sickle Cell Anemia and malaria, except the explanations offered are quite interested. Sickle Cell Anemia is an acquire disease. An individual who has two copies of the trait go away inherit Sickle Cell Anemia from the parents.Those people who only thrust one retroflex of this trait will become a postman for Sickle Cell Anemia, and if their husband or wife overly a mailman, the disease will keep passing on. In Sickle Cell Anemia, the havoc caused by the brachydactylic hemoglobin s (HbS), results from a change in just one of the 146 amino acids in a beta chain of the globin molecule( Marieb 642). It is amazing how one tiny change in our organic structure laughingstock has much(prenominal) dramatic effect, but on the other collapse they all possible humans body is extremely complex.The disease has to do with the protein hemo globin found in human red neckcloth cell. A normal persons red filiation cell has a round, doughnut shape without the whole in the middle however a sickled red note cell will take on a crested moon shape, and these sickled cells are fragile and given over to rupture. The normal life span of a thinking(a) red rakehell cell is about one hundred twenty days before quick temper takes out the inquisitive ones and the drop marrow replace them. The sickle cells will go liberal in only about 10 to 20 days.Imagine the spleen has to work extra saturated to get rid of these bad melody cells, and with patients of sickle cell anaemia about all of their hemoglobins are bad, therefore spleen has to take out all of them thats why these patients contain to get their line of merchandise transfuse regularly. These sickled cells subsequently got produced by red bone marrow can go back and forth between world normally shaped and sickle shaped until they eventually become sickle shaped p ermanently. And Instead of moving through the bloodstream easily identical normal red blood cells, these sickle cells are very(prenominal) inapt and so they can clog blood vessels. These events interfere with atomic number 8 delivery, passing the victims gasping for air and extreme pain. Bone and chest pain are peculiarly severe, and transmittance and stroke are common sequels. ( Marieb 642). Sickle cell anemia produces a chronic anemia which may become life- threatening when haemolytic crises, which is the breakdown of red blood cells, which is when bone marrow fails to produce blood cells. These crises occur under condition of low oxygen, such as during consuming exercises, masses of hemoglobin molecules in each red blood cell cut out its normal disk shape.For some individual the crises can closing hours, days or even weeks some has crises once a year, for others they occur way more often. There are several symptoms that can be diagnosed as soon as baby is four months o ld. The clinical course of sickle cell anemia does not follow a single pattern some patients have mild symptoms, and some have very severe symptoms. The basic problem, however, is the same the sickle-shaped red blood cells escape to get stuck in narrow blood vessels, blocking the scarper of blood (Bownas, Jennifer).And they are the period of pain (mentioned above), hand-foot syndrome ( babies with swollen hands and feet), strain (yellowish color found on the babys skin or/and in the white parts of their look), frequent infections, Delayed growth and pubescence in children and often a slight build in adults. The lessen rate of growth is caused by a shortage of red blood cells. There is in addition vision problem, because of the eyes not getting large nourishment from circulating red blood cells, these types of damages can be serious enough to cause blindness if not discover on time.Sickle Cells Anemia is a disease with many contortions, and all of them are dangerous for pat ients health. One of which is referred to as ERD (exercise-related death). This scenario happens when a patient with Sickle Cells Anemia attend into a lot of physical practice. The hatchway that previously healthy young people with sickle cell trait might suffer increased mortality from exercise was first suggested by observations of enlisted recruits in US Armed Forces basic training. A military trainee with Hb AS suffered exercise related hypernatremia during physical training in the field.He only survived a critical illness that included acute nephritic failure because of dialysis (Kark, John). And also during that single summer, there were already four deaths among recruiting at this area, all of them were b leave out and had Sickle Cells Anemia. So John Kark, whom is the author of this article, was very positive about the significant risk associate between Sickle Cells and ERD. And I think this is reasonable, because the nature of Sickle Cell Anemia is to lower dramatically the amount of red blood cell circulating in the humans body, which will cause the lack of oxygen in multiple organs and muscles in the body.And when an individual with Sickle Cell furnish so hard on these physical activities and keep pushing themselves forward, its hard to avoid damage to the body, which is very unfortunate. Another big complication with Sickle Cell Anemia is infections. Patients of this disease are extremely prone to infection due to their abnormal red blood cells. Recently the concealment tests for Sickle Cell Anemia were required for newborns. Before this happen, 35% of infant with Sickle Cell died from infection.The most common bacteria that usually plan of attack these infants are treptococcus pneumonia and Haemophilus influenza which can cause pneumonia, blood infections, or meningitis). A death can occur to these infants only a few hours after the fever. Acute Chest Syndrome is also yet another dangerous complication of Sickle Cell Disease. It is the lea ding cause of illness among the Sickle Cell Anemia patients. Pulmonary disease, manifested as the acute chest syndrome (ACS) is a common complication of sickle cell anemia.It is the second most common cause of hospitalization in persons with sickle cell anemia and accounts for 25% of immature deaths. (Gladwin, Mark) ACS occurs when the lung tissues are starved for oxygen during a crisis. ACS can be caused from infection that lead us back to Sickle Cell Anemia, to blockage of blood vessels which also remind us of Sickle Cell disease, because of the sickle red blood cells with their crested moon shape, as mentioned earlier, instead of moving swimmingly along the blood stream, these sickle cells are very sticky and tend to block the blood vessels.There are a few symptoms that can be recognized such as high fever, rapid breathing, wheezy or cough, and finally acute chest pain. As of today, the only authorization cure of Sickle Cell Anemia is bone marrow transplant. notwithstanding according to the mayo clinics website, it is extremely difficult to find a matching sponsor and also, the mental process is very risky and can be life threatening. So for treating Sickle Cell Anemia, there are more aims to reduce the pain of the crises. As a result, treatment for sickle cell anemia is usually aimed at avoiding crises, relieving symptoms and preventing complications (Mayo Clinic Staff). Sickle Cell Anemia victims always have to take antibiotics because of their sensitivity, they are prone for infection. Blood transfusion is an option, with this procedure the patient will get supplied with healthy red blood cells from donors, but this can also be risky, because the new red blood cells also carry with them irons, this can cause excessive iron build up in patients body so people who get blood transfusion also need others treatments to reduce iron level.A prescription medicine called Hydroxyurea is usually used to treat cancer can be use in the severe case of Sickle Cell Anemia for adults it reduces the relative frequency of painful crises and may reduce the need for blood transfusions. When one follow through crises, it can be helpful to have supplemental oxygen, which provides extra oxygen and help breathing easier. Doctors and scientists still in the lab to experiment some more possible cure for Sickle Cell Anemia patients, hopefully they will be successful in finding a complete ure. Sickle Cell Anemia is a serious lifelong disease. It is hard to live with it, and it is just as hard to live with a love one that has Sickle Cell Anemia.The Health Education Research of Oxford daybook has done a study on mothers who have children with Sickle Cells in Western Nigeria Financial stress and disease factors were met with confrontation, while family sources of stress were every complained about, accepted or avoided. (Olley, Lydia) Oxford Journal also mentioned that less educated family members (especially the mothers) get in more stress than othe rs Higherlevels of stress were associated with less educated and elderly women (Olley, Lydia). Hopefully in the near future, there will be more education, counseling about Sickle Cell Anemia to everyone, so we can take care of the patients better, and bring better attitude and hope toward them, because I believe they need that the most especially from a family member.Sickle Cell AnemiaSickle cell anemia is a blood disarray that affects the 11th chromosome which is a hemoglobin gene. Hemoglobin is a protein turn up in red blood cells (RBCs) that carries oxygen through the body. This disorder is ancestral from two parents with abnormal genes that are heterozygous (Rr). This means that both parents who have the trait may pass on the disorder to their offspring. The phenotype makeup is recessive. Those who inherit a normal copy of the chromosome 11 and a mutated chromosome will carry the trait, though would not show any symptoms. Normal red blood cells are soft and flexible to fit t hought small vessels.Sickle cell anemia causes these blood cells to stiffen and curve, almost like a semilunar moon. The abnormal cells (erythrocytes) become stuck and block a narrow vessel which disables oxygen to pass through and causes pain and damage to organs. Many organs such as the liver and spleen become damaged due to lack of oxygen. When the spleen becomes damaged, patience will experience many infections. Pain is also caused by the sickle blood cells becoming caught in vessels called crises. Jaundice (yellowness to eyes and skin) can occur in babies due to liver damage. Sickle cell anemia can be diagnosed by a simple blood test, in general to newborns.The blood test given to those who werent tested at birth is called the hemoglobin electrophoresis. It determines if you have the disease or is a carrier of the trait. It can be treated by blood transfusions from a donor with healthy blood cells, or a bone marrow transplant. some(prenominal) elicit facts are that normal b lood cells can live up to 120 days, but sickle blood cells live up to 10 to 20 days. When the red blood cells are damaged, the body kills the red blood cells off which causes chronic anemia. African Americans are mostly affected with this disease due to inter-marriage. in 12 African Americans have the trait and 1 in 500 actually have the disease. Also, Sickle cell anemia can be traced back to the Mediterranean and Middle East area. The humid, awry(p) climate attracts mosquitos and the mosquitos transport malaria. Surprisingly, those with Sickle cell anemia are repellent to malaria. The last interesting fact is that my mother is actually a carrier of the Sickle cell trait. My older sister and I werent affected of the trait because our father didnt carry any defected chromosome. Unfortunately, my little sister, Joy, is also a carrier of the trait even though her father isnt affected.Sickle Cell AnemiaSickle cell anemia is a blood disorder that affects the 11th chromosome which is a hemoglobin gene. Hemoglobin is a protein located in red blood cells (RBCs) that carries oxygen through the body. This disorder is inherited from two parents with abnormal genes that are heterozygous (Rr). This means that both parents who have the trait may pass on the disorder to their offspring. The phenotype makeup is recessive. Those who inherit a normal copy of the chromosome 11 and a mutated chromosome will carry the trait, though would not show any symptoms. Normal red blood cells are soft and flexible to fit thought small vessels.Sickle cell anemia causes these blood cells to stiffen and curve, almost like a crescent moon. The abnormal cells (erythrocytes) become stuck and block a narrow vessel which disables oxygen to pass through and causes pain and damage to organs. Many organs such as the liver and spleen become damaged due to lack of oxygen. When the spleen becomes damaged, patience will experience many infections. Pain is also caused by the sickle blood cells becoming caught in vessels called crises. Jaundice (yellowness to eyes and skin) can occur in babies due to liver damage. Sickle cell anemia can be diagnosed by a simple blood test, mostly to newborns.The blood test given to those who werent tested at birth is called the hemoglobin electrophoresis. It determines if you have the disease or is a carrier of the trait. It can be treated by blood transfusions from a donor with healthy blood cells, or a bone marrow transplant. Some interesting facts are that normal blood cells can live up to 120 days, but sickle blood cells live up to 10 to 20 days. When the red blood cells are damaged, the body kills the red blood cells off which causes chronic anemia. African Americans are mostly affected with this disease due to inter-marriage. in 12 African Americans have the trait and 1 in 500 actually have the disease. Also, Sickle cell anemia can be traced back to the Mediterranean and Middle East area. The humid, wet climate attracts mosquitos and the mosq uitos transport malaria. Surprisingly, those with Sickle cell anemia are immune to malaria. The last interesting fact is that my mother is actually a carrier of the Sickle cell trait. My older sister and I werent affected of the trait because our father didnt carry any defected chromosome. Unfortunately, my little sister, Joy, is also a carrier of the trait even though her father isnt affected.